Financial Planning Report to Mark and Susan Saunders

Question: Discuss about the Financial Planning Report to Mark and Susan Saunders. Answer: Introduction Mark and Susan are 45 years of age with 3 teenaged children. Currently, Mark is a business man and Susan is a salaried employee ( teacher in a secondary school ). They have parked their surplus cash in assets worth $ 1.72 mn like their family home, car, Australian shares and risk free investments like term deposit and savings. This also includes the business assets of Mark i.e. van, office, plant and machinery of $ 410 k. They also individually have a super annuation corpus where in the case of Susan the employer contributes 9.5 % of salary. The super annuation corpus combined is $ 170k which includes $ 60 k of Mark in two funds namely S M SMSF and AMP Super Fund which invested across shares, cash and is invested in cash, property, fixed managed fund and shares. Susan super fund across the S M SMSF and Australian Catholic Super fund of $ 110, 000 is invested across Australian shares, inter shares, property, fixed interest and cash. The liabilities of the couple aggregate $ 400 k an d include loans on mortgage and car. Mark and Susan will retire in the next 15 years and they are seeking our advice to analyse their current and future financial situation based on the information we have gathered and provide some suggestions for improving their long term wealth. We have been appraised that both Susan and Mark will continue their current engagement of teaching and business respectively until they retire at the age of 60 i.e. after 15 years. There is an assumption that the couple would like to retire their liabilities as soon as possible and just keep a cash balance of $ 10, 000 in their bank account until the loans are prepaid. Hence the analyses is done on the basis of Assuming loans are prepaid out of surplus cash generation subject to a minimum of $ 10, 000 every year AND Assuming the loans are paid out in the normal course of 15 years. ( the backup that the loan is for 15 years is given below during the analyses ) Analyses Assuming no Prepayment of Loan Initially, let us understand the liabilities and the annual payout commitments of Susan and Mark. The couple has a mortgage loan of $ 390 k and a car loan of $ 10 k aggregating $ 400 k. The rate of interest is 5.5 % flexi and the tenure is 15 years. Hence the annual equivalent installment of $ 39, 500 to 39, 850. The payment schedule of the loan is attached below. Home Loan Car Loan 15 years Year EAI Principal Interest Principal paid 2, 015 39, 500 400, 000 2, 016 382, 150 22, 000 17, 850 2, 017 363, 318 21, 018 18, 832 2, 018 343, 450 19, 982 19, 868 2, 019 322, 490 18, 890 20, 960 2, 020 300, 376 17, 737 22, 113 2, 021 278, 263 16, 521 22, 113 2, 022 256, 150 15, 304 22, 113 2, 023 230, 388 14, 088 25, 762 2, 024 203, 209 12, 671 27, 179 2, 025 174, 535 11, 176 28, 674 2, 026 144, 284 9, 599 30, 251 2, 027 112, 369 7, 936 31, 915 2, 028 78, 699 6, 180 33, 670 2, 029 43, 178 4, 328 35, 522 2, 030 5, 702 2, 375 37, 475 As it can be seen from the table, the loan will be paid over 15 years at current EAI of $ 39, 500 The cash flow statement in that case assumes an accumulation of surplus money in the bank account in savings account which does not pay any interest. This will be a foolish strategy since there is a negative arbitrage of 5.5 %. The cash flow for the next 5 years ended June 2015, June 2016, June 2017, June 2018 and June 2019 are appended below ( works, H. ( 2016 ) ). ( Wikipedia. ( 2016 ) ) Cash Flow Statement Year ended June 30 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Cash Inflow Interest on savings account $ - - - - - Interest on Term deposit $ 1, 000 1, 250 1, 500 1, 750 2, 000 Dividend from Bank shares $ 4, 000 6, 000 6, 360 6, 742 7, 146 Salary and Business Income $ 157, 000 161, 710 166, 561 171, 558 176, 705 Mark $ 125, 000 128, 750 132, 613 136, 591 140, 689 Susan $ 32, 000 32, 960 33, 949 34, 967 36, 016 Total Cash Inflow $ 162, 000 168, 960 174, 421 180, 050 185, 851 Cash Outflow Mortgage and car loan $ 39, 500 39, 500 39, 500 39, 500 39, 500 Work expenses $ 700 721 743 765 788 Mark $ - - - - - Susan $ 700 721 743 765 788 Investment in Term deposit $ 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 Pre Payment of Loan $ Living expenses $ 60, 000 61, 800 63, 654 65, 564 67, 531 Tax $ 41, 790 44, 477 46, 437 48, 464 50, 563 Total Cash Outflow $ 141, 990 146, 498 150, 333 154, 293 158, 381 Cash accrual $ 20, 010 22, 462 24, 088 25, 757 27, 470 Opening savings Bank $ 35, 000 55, 010 77, 472 101, 560 127, 317 Closing Savings Bank $ 55, 010 77, 472 101, 560 127, 317 154, 787 The closing savings bank balance will be $ 155 k. Assuming Prepayment of Loan Assuming that all surplus cash greater than $ 10, 000 will be used to prepay the loan, the loan schedule looks like this Home Loan Car Loan 15 years Year EAI Principal Interest Principal paid 2, 015 39, 500 400, 000 2, 016 337, 140 22, 000 62, 860 2, 017 294, 505 18, 543 42, 635 2, 018 248, 334 16, 198 46, 171 2, 019 198, 524 13, 658 49, 810 2, 020 144, 788 10, 919 53, 735 2, 021 91, 053 7, 963 53, 735 2, 022 37, 318 5, 008 53, 735 2, 023 ( 480 ) 2, 052 37, 798 The loan is completely repaid in the next 7 years i.e. by 2023. This strategy is prudent since the payout of the money is not towards interest for 15 years. Interest is saved since the principal payment is accelerated in 7 years instead of paying the loan over 15 years. The minimum savings balance of $ 10, 000 is also maintained. In future, this strategy and the calculations based on this will be used to arrive at the retirement corpus The cash flow statement for the 5 years ended June 2015, June 2016, June 2017, June 2018 and June 2019 are appended below Cash Flow Statement Year ended June 30 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Cash Inflow Interest on savings account $ - - - - - Interest on Term deposit $ 1, 000 1, 250 1, 500 1, 750 2, 000 Dividend from Bank shares $ 4, 000 6, 000 6, 360 6, 742 7, 146 Salary and Business Income $ 157, 000 161, 710 166, 561 171, 558 176, 705 Mark $ 125, 000 128, 750 132, 613 136, 591 140, 689 Susan $ 32, 000 32, 960 33, 949 34, 967 36, 016 Total Cash Inflow $ 162, 000 168, 960 174, 421 180, 050 185, 851 Cash Outflow Mortgage and car loan $ 39, 500 39, 500 39, 500 39, 500 39, 500 Work expenses $ 700 721 743 765 788 Mark $ - - - - - Susan $ 700 721 743 765 788 Investment in Term deposit $ 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 Pre Payment of Loan $ 45, 010 21, 327 22, 519 23, 618 24, 804 Living expenses $ 60, 000 61, 800 63, 654 65, 564 67, 531 Tax $ 41, 790 45, 612 48, 006 50, 510 53, 130 Total Cash Outflow $ 187, 000 168, 960 174, 421 179, 956 185, 752 Cash accrual $ ( 25, 000 ) - - 94 99 Opening savings Bank $ 35, 000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 094 Closing Savings Bank $ 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 094 10, 193 As can be seen in the table, the bank balance is kept at the minimum of $ 10, 000 and the remaining amount is used to prepay the loan obligations. The balance sheet of the couple for the 3 years ended below Balance Sheet Year ended June 30 2015 2016 2017 Assets Family Home $ 850, 000 850, 000 850, 000 Plant in Business $ 80, 000 82, 400 84, 872 Car $ 25, 000 25, 000 25, 000 Office in Business $ 320, 000 320, 000 320, 000 House Contents $ 100, 000 103, 000 106, 090 Australian shares $ 100, 000 106, 000 112, 360 Van in Business $ 10, 000 10, 000 9, 999 Term deposit $ 40, 000 50, 000 60, 000 Combined Super Fund $ 194, 555 207, 965 222, 188 Total Assets $ 1, 719, 555 1, 754, 364 1, 790, 509 Liabilities Loans $ 400, 000 337, 140 294, 505 Capital $ 1, 319, 555 1, 417, 224 1, 496, 004 Total Liabilities 1, 719, 555 1, 754, 364 1, 790, 509 The term deposit is increasing by $ 10 k per annum. The loan reflects the amount outstanding at the end of every year. The tax calculation matrix for computing the tax for the next 5 years is as under Income and Expenses 2015 2016 2017 2, 018 2, 019 Interest on savings account $ - - - - - Interest on Term deposit $ 1, 000 1, 250 1, 500 1, 750 2, 000 Interest on Mortgage $ ( 22, 000 ) ( 16, 198 ) ( 13, 658 ) ( 10, 919 ) ( 7, 963 ) Dividend from Bank shares $ 4, 000 6, 000 6, 360 6, 742 7, 146 Salary and Business Income $ 157, 000 161, 710 166, 561 171, 558 176, 705 - $ - - - Work expenses $ ( 700 ) ( 721 ) ( 743 ) ( 765 ) ( 788 ) Taxable Income - 139, 300 152, 041 160, 020 168, 366 177, 100 Tax $ 41, 790 45, 612 48, 006 50, 510 53, 130 Ato.gov.au. ( 2016 ). This is taken into the cash flow workings presented earlier. All expenses are increasing by CPI and income is increasing as per the rates mentioned in the question set The cash outflow mix indicates that 36 - 40 %of their spend is on fulfilling loan obligation while 32 - 37 % is on living expenses. Tax accounts for the rest. ( Taxpayer.com.au. ( 2016 ) ). Analysis of Cash outflows 2, 015 2, 016 2, 017 Mortgage and car loan 21 % 23 % 23 % Living expenses 32 % 37 % 36 % Prepayment of Loan 24 % 13 % 13 % Tax 22 % 27 % 28 % Total 100 % 100 % 100 % The super annuation analysis is tabulated below Super Fund of Mark Mark has invested money In S M SMSH and AMP Super Fund. Based on the return %, his weighted average return in super fund is 6.53 %. The closing balance also includes the proceeds from sale of his business assets. The table below gives the running balance of his super till retirement in the next 15 years Super Fund - Mark 6.53 % Year ( June 30 ) Age Income Opening Super Bal Emp cont 15 % Cont Tax Net earnings Closing Super Bal 2, 015 45 125, 000 60, 000 - - 3, 920 63, 920 2, 016 46 128, 750 63, 920 - - 4, 176 68, 096 2, 017 47 132, 613 68, 096 - - 4, 449 72, 545 2, 018 48 136, 591 72, 545 - - 4, 740 77, 285 2, 019 49 140, 689 77, 285 - - 5, 049 82, 334 2, 020 50 144, 909 82, 334 - - 5, 379 87, 713 2, 021 51 149, 257 87, 713 - - 5, 731 93, 444 2, 022 52 153, 734 93, 444 - - 6, 105 99, 549 2, 023 53 158, 346 99, 549 - - 6, 504 106, 052 2, 024 54 163, 097 106, 052 - - 6, 929 112, 981 2, 025 55 167, 990 112, 981 - - 7, 381 120, 363 2, 026 56 173, 029 120, 363 - - 7, 864 128, 226 2, 027 57 178, 220 128, 226 - - 8, 377 136, 604 2, 028 58 183, 567 136, 604 - - 8, 925 145, 529 2, 029 59 189, 074 145, 529 - - 9, 508 155, 037 2, 030 60 194, 746 155, 037 - - 10, 129 825, 166 The balance at 2030 is $ 825 k. Super Fund of Susan Super Fund - Susan 4.92 % Year ( June 30 ) Age Salary Opening Super Bal Emp cont 15 % Cont Tax Net earnings Closing Super Bal 2, 015 45 32, 000 110, 000 3, 040 456 5, 410 117, 994 2, 016 46 32, 960 117, 994 3, 131 470 5, 803 126, 459 2, 017 47 33, 949 126, 459 3, 225 484 6, 219 135, 420 2, 018 48 34, 967 135, 420 3, 322 498 6, 660 144, 903 2, 019 49 36, 016 144, 903 3, 422 513 7, 127 154, 938 2, 020 50 37, 097 154, 938 3, 524 529 7, 620 165, 554 2, 021 51 38, 210 165, 554 3, 630 544 8, 142 176, 782 2, 022 52 39, 356 176, 782 3, 739 561 8, 694 188, 654 2, 023 53 40, 537 188, 654 3, 851 578 9, 278 201, 206 2, 024 54 41, 753 201, 206 3, 967 595 9, 896 214, 473 2, 025 55 43, 005 214, 473 4, 086 613 10, 548 228, 494 2, 026 56 44, 295 228, 494 4, 208 631 11, 238 243, 308 2, 027 57 45, 624 243, 308 4, 334 650 11, 966 258, 959 2, 028 58 46, 993 258, 959 4, 464 670 12, 736 275, 490 2, 029 59 48, 403 275, 490 4, 598 690 13, 549 292, 947 2, 030 60 49, 855 292, 947 4, 736 710 14, 408 311, 381 The balance at 2030 is $ 311 k. This includes contribution from employer as well and a weighted average return of 4.92 % based on the amount invested in Australian Catholic and S M SMSH fund Combined Super Fund The combined superannuation balance and real income calculations are tabulated below. Real income is calculated based on purchasing power of a $ using the CPI of 3 % growth yoy. Year Combined Super Bal Purchasing Power % Real Income 2, 016 194, 555 97.1 188, 888 2, 017 207, 965 94.3 196, 027 2, 018 222, 188 91.5 203, 333 2, 019 237, 272 88.8 210, 813 2, 020 253, 267 86.3 218, 470 2, 021 270, 225 83.7 226, 309 2, 022 288, 203 81.3 234, 335 2, 023 307, 258 78.9 242, 552 2, 024 327, 454 76.6 250, 966 2, 025 348, 856 74.4 259, 582 2, 026 371, 535 72.2 268, 405 2, 027 395, 563 70.1 277, 440 2, 028 421, 018 68.1 286, 693 2, 029 447, 984 66.1 296, 170 2, 030 1, 136, 546 64.2 729, 506 Based on the real income requirement of $ 60, 000 pa for the couple at the time of retirement and after, the retirement fund will last for 20 years as tabulated below Year ( June 30 ) Age Opening Super Bal Pension withdrawal Pension withdrawal ( real basis ) Net earnings Closing Super Balance 2, 031 61 729, 506 60, 000 60, 000 40, 123 709, 629 2, 032 62 709, 629 60, 000 60, 000 39, 030 688, 658 2, 033 63 688, 658 60, 000 60, 000 37, 876 666, 534 2, 034 64 666, 534 60, 000 60, 000 36, 659 643, 194 2, 035 65 643, 194 60, 000 60, 000 35, 376 618, 569 2, 036 66 618, 569 60, 000 60, 000 34, 021 592, 591 2, 037 67 592, 591 60, 000 60, 000 32, 592 565, 183 2, 038 68 565, 183 60, 000 60, 000 31, 085 536, 268 2, 039 69 536, 268 60, 000 60, 000 29, 495 505, 763 2, 040 70 505, 763 60, 000 60, 000 27, 817 473, 580 2, 041 71 473, 580 60, 000 60, 000 26, 047 439, 627 2, 042 72 439, 627 60, 000 60, 000 24, 179 403, 806 2, 043 73 403, 806 60, 000 60, 000 22, 209 366, 016 2, 044 74 366, 016 60, 000 60, 000 20, 131 326, 147 2, 045 75 326, 147 60, 000 60, 000 17, 938 284, 085 2, 046 76 284, 085 60, 000 60, 000 15, 625 239, 709 2, 047 77 239, 709 60, 000 60, 000 13, 184 192, 893 2, 048 78 192, 893 60, 000 60, 000 10, 609 143, 503 2, 049 79 143, 503 60, 000 60, 000 7, 893 91, 395 2, 050 80 91, 395 60, 000 60, 000 5, 027 36, 422 2, 051 81 36, 422 60, 000 60, 000 2, 003 ( 21, 575 ) In case the real income of $ 60, 000 also undergoes the CPI, the purchasing power drops and hence the number of years when the retirement lasts comes down to 15 years when their age is 75 years as tabulated below Year ( June 30 ) Age Opening Super Bal Pension withdrawal Pension withdrawal ( real basis ) Net earnings Closing Super Balance 2, 031 61 729, 506 61, 800 60, 000 40, 123 707, 829 2, 032 62 707, 829 63, 654 60, 000 38, 931 683, 105 2, 033 63 683, 105 65, 564 60, 000 37, 571 655, 112 2, 034 64 655, 112 67, 531 60, 000 36, 031 623, 613 2, 035 65 623, 613 69, 556 60, 000 34, 299 588, 355 2, 036 66 588, 355 71, 643 60, 000 32, 360 549, 072 2, 037 67 549, 072 73, 792 60, 000 30, 199 505, 478 2, 038 68 505, 478 76, 006 60, 000 27, 801 457, 273 2, 039 69 457, 273 78, 286 60, 000 25, 150 404, 137 2, 040 70 404, 137 80, 635 60, 000 22, 228 345, 729 2, 041 71 345, 729 83, 054 60, 000 19, 015 281, 691 2, 042 72 281, 691 85, 546 60, 000 15, 493 211, 638 2, 043 73 211, 638 88, 112 60, 000 11, 640 135, 166 2, 044 74 135, 166 90, 755 60, 000 7, 434 51, 845 2, 045 75 51, 845 93, 478 60, 000 2, 851 ( 38, 782 ) ( Investopedia. ( 2003 ) ) As the couple indicated, inflation is an important factor which eats into the retirement real pension income. With the corpus of the super fund on real basis, the value of the Australian shares growing @ 6 % annually, the couple can sustain till the age of 101 i.e. for the next 41 years after retirement. Retirement corpus at age 60 Super fund ( Real basis ) 729, 506 Bank Shares 239, 656 Total 969, 162 Real Income required 60, 000 Years to last 41 Age of couple 101 Conclusion Based on the analyses, it is evident that the couple are comfortable in their retirement situation. Two of their three children are also working. Hence the responsibilities of Mark and Susan for providing for them are complete. Moreover, the couple have already purchased residential property at opportune time and are availing the capital gain. The liability on the mortgage will also be paid of in the next 7 years from the cash flow generated by the couple. The couple has prudently invested in medical insurance and hence the cost of hospitalization during aging is also taken care of. With the proceeds from the super fund and the shares, the couple can comfortably live till age 101 References and Bibliography Anon, ( 2016 ). [online] Available at: https://www.australia.gov.au/information - and - services/money.../superannuation [Accessed 27 Sep 2016]. Ato.gov.au. ( 2016 ). Individual income tax rates | Australian Taxation Office. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/rates/individual - income - tax - rates/ [Accessed 27 Sep 2016]. Investopedia. ( 2003 ). Purchasing Power Definition | Investopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/purchasingpower.asp [Accessed 27 Sep 2016].

E DREJTE BIZNESI Essay Example For Students

E DREJTE BIZNESI Essay 1ORKIDA TOTOJANIMARREDHENIA JURIDIKE E DETYRIMITKuptimi i marrdhnies juridike t detyrimit. Elementet e marredhenies juridike te detyrimit. Llojet e detyrimeve. Permbushja ose ekzekutimi i detyrimeveMospermbushja e detyrimit2ORKIDA TOTOJANIKuptimi i marrdhnies juridike t detyrimitDetyrimi sht nj marrdhnie juridike me an t s cils nj person (debitori) detyrohet t jap dika, ose t kryej ose t mos kryej nj veprim t caktuar n dobi t nj personi tjetr ( kreditorit) dhe ky i fundit ka t drejt t krkoj ti jepet dika apo t kryhet ose t mos kryhet nj veprim i caktuar n favor t tijE drejta e kreditorit quhet kredi, ndrsa detyrimi i debitorit quhet debi ose borxh. 3ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimMarrdhnia juridike e detyrimit mund t ket nj prmbajtje ekonomike ose joekonomike. Kjo prcaktohet nga qllimi pr t cilin ato jan krijuar, apo nga interesi konkret q prfitojn palt q hyjn n kto marrdhniePavarsisht nse prmbajtja ekonomike e marrdhnies juridike t detyrimit sht e dukshme ose jo, e rndsishme sht q nga kjo marrdhnie palt duhet t realizojn patjetr nj interes t caktuar, qoft ky i fundit edhe jo ekonomik4ORKIDA TOTOJANIElementt e marrdhnies juridike t detyrimitSubjekti i nj marrdhnie juridike detyrimi. Subjektet n marrdhniet juridike t detyrimit quhen ndryshe edhe pal. Cdo marrdhnie ka t paktn dy pal. Si t till mund t marrin pjes, si personat fizik ashtu edhe personat juridik, qofshin kta shqiptar ose t huaj, si edhe vet shtetiN qoft se nj person sht me zotsi t plot pr t vepruar dhe hyn n nj marrdhnie detyrimi me nj person t pazot pr t vepruar, ather kjo marrdhnie do t quhet e pavlefshme sepse mungon njri prej elementve t saj. 5ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimPor duhet t kemi parasysh q palt nuk duhet t identifikohen me numrin e personave pjesmarrs n nj parrdhnie juridike detyrimi, sepse numri i personave mund t jet m i madh se sa dy. Palt n prgjithsi quhen debitor dhe kreditor, por n kontrata t veanta marrin emra specifik si pr shembull, tek kontrata e shitjes ata quhen shitsi dhe blersi, tek kontrata e siprmarrjes quhen siprmarrsi dhe porositsi,6ORKIDA TOTOJANIObjekti i nj marrdhnie juridike detyrimi. Objekti i nj marrdhnie detyrimi sht ai mbi t cilin ndrthuren t drejtat dhe detyrimet e palve dhe q prbn n fund t fundit shkakun dhe qllimin e lidhjes s nj kontrateObjekti para s gjithash mund t jet nj send i luajtshm ose i paluajtshm mjafton q mos jet i prjashtuar nga qarkullimi civilObjekt mund t jet gjithashtu edhe nj send i ardhshm, pra dika q nuk ekziston e materjalizuar n astin e lidhjes s kontrats por e cila do t krijohet m von, psh. nj vepr letrare, nj prodhim bujqsor a blegtoral, nj ndrtes etj7ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimObjekt mund t jet edhe nj shum t hollash me nj vler numerike t prcaktuar plotsisht n kontrat. Shuma do t shlyhet n vlern fikse n kontrat, pavarsisht nga vlera e monedhs n momentin kur do t realizohet shkmbimi apo pagesaObjekt mund t jen edhe veprimet ose mosveprimet, gjithashtu edhe produktet e krijimtaris intelektuale dhe t mirat personale jopasurore8ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimObjekti i nj marrdhnie juridike detyrimi, pavarsisht nga lloji i tij, q t jet marrdhnia e vle fshme duhet t plotsoj disa kushte:-t jet i prcaktuar ose i prcaktueshm t jet i ligjshm t jet i vlefshm, dhe t jet i mundshm pr tu realizuar9ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimPrmbajtja e marrdhnies juridike t detyrimitMe prmbajtje t nj marrdhnie juridike detyrimi do t kuptojm trsin e t drejtave dhe t detyrimeve juridike civile q kane palt pjesmarrse n kt marrdhnie t caktuar s pari, t mos vij n kundrshtim me ligjin. Kjo nuk do t thot q detyrimi duhet t jet parashikuar shprehimisht n ligj, por mjafton t mos vij n kundrshtim me parimet kryesore t s drejts s dyti, prmbajtja duhet t mos vij n kundrshtim me politikn e prgjithshme shtetrore dhe me parimet shtetrore10ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdim s treti, t mos jet n kundrshtim me interesat e shtetasves katrti, t jet e mundshme pr tu realizuar qoft fizikisht dhe materjalisht, qoft juridikisht. Mungesa qoft edhe e njrit nga kto katr kushte e bn marrdhnien e detyrimit t pavlefshme. 11ORKIDA TOTOJANILlojet e detyrimeve. Ne marredheniet juridike te detyrimit debitori mund te kete si detyrim vetem kryerjen e nje pune ose sherbimi ose dorezimin e nje sendi apo shume te hollash. Ne keto raste themi se detyrimi eshte i thjeshtePor debitori mund te kete si detyrim kryeen e me shume se nje pune, veprimi ose sherbimi. Ne kete rast themi se detyrimi eshte i perzier12ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrimet e thjeshta mund te jene detyrime konkrete ose individualedetyrime gjenerikeDetyrimet e perziera mund te jenedetyrime kumullativedetyrime alternative13ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDuke patur parasysh si kriter numrin e subjekteve qe marrin pjese ne nje marredhenie juridike detyrimi kemi:detyrime me dy persona dhedetyrime me shume personaDetyrimet me shume persona nga ana e tyre jane tre llojesh:detyrime solidaredetyrime te pjestueshmedetyrime te papjestueshme14ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrimet konkrete dhe gjenerikeKjo ndarje behet duke marre si kriter faktin nese objekt i detyrimit jane sende individualisht te percaktuara a po sende te percaktuara ne gjini. Detyrim konkret kemi kur permbajtja e tij eshte percaktuar me elementet e sendit qe e dallojne ate nga sendet e tjeraNdersa detyrim gjenerik kemi atehere kur permbajtja e ketij detyrimi eshte e percaktuar me ane te elementeve qe karakterizojne nje grup sendesh te te njejtit lloj ku detyrimi ben pjese. I tille eshte per shembull, nje detyrim ne te holla15ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrimet me shume personaDetyrimet me dy persona jane ato detyrime ne te cilat marrin pjese dy pale me nga nje debitor dhe nje kreditor secila ne perberje te tyreMund te ndodhe qe ne nje marredhenie juridike detyrimi te kete shume persona ne perberje te pales debitore ose ne perberje te pales kreditore, ose ne perberje te te dyja paleve se bashkuNe te tilla raste themi se ndodhemi para detyrimeve me shume persona16ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrimet solidareDetyrimi eshte solidar kur kreditori ose secili nga kreditoret ka te drejte te kerkoje egzekutimin e te njejtit detyrim teresisht ose pjeserisht si nga debitoret se bashku, ashtu edhe nga secili prej tyre ve e veNe detyrimet solidare kreditori ka te drejte ti drejtohet sipas deshires se tij, nje a me shume debitoreve ose te gjitheve se bashku per gjithe shumen e detyrimit, ose secilit prej tyre per nje pjese te saj17ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrime te pjestueshmePerkufizimi i ketij lloj detyrimi jepet nga Kodi Civil ne nenin 442: kur shume debitore ose kreditore marrin pjese ne te njejtin detyrim dhe ky eshte i pjestueshem, secili debitor eshte i detyruar te egzekutoje dhe secili kreditor ka te drejte te kerkoje nje pjese te barabarte te detyrimit, perve kur ne kontrate ose ne ligj eshte parashikuar ndrysheKarakteristike kryesore e ketyre lloj detyrimeve eshte se objekti i tyre eshte i pjestueshem. Ai mund te jete nje detyrim ne te holla ose monetar, mund te jete nje send ne gjini, por mund te jete edhe nje send individualisht i percaktuar, pjestimi i te cilit eshte plotesisht i mundshem nga pikpamja fizike dhe nuk e prish egzistencen e sendi t te pare sepse do pjese pas ndarjes mund te qendroje si nje send me vete18ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimNe detyrimin e pjestueshem donjeri kreditor ka te drejte te kerkoje vetem pjesen qe i takon dhe cdo debitor eshte i detyruar te permbushe detyrimin ne pjesen qe i takonZakonisht pjeset ne keto lloj detyrimesh jane te barabarta. Tipik eshte rasti i marredhenieve te detyrimit qe rrjedhin nga marredheniet e trashegimise, ku trashegimtaret pergjigjen ne menyre te barabarte per detyrimet e trashegimlenesve te tyre, ne qofte se testamenti nuk i parashikon pjeset te ndryshme19ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrimet e papjestueshme. Detyrimet e papjestueshme jane nja nga llojet e detyrimeve me shume persona. Nje detyrim i tille ka keto karakteristika:ne te marrin pjese shume debitore ose shume kreditoreobjekt i detyrimit eshte nje send, nje e drejte apo nje veprim i papjestueshem. Objekt i ketyre detyrimeve zakonisht jane sendet20ORKIDA TOTOJANIPermbushja ose ekzekutimi i detyrimeveMe permbushje te detyrimeve do te kuptojme kryerjen e atij veprimi apo sherbimi apo dorezimin e atij sendi qe permban objektin e nje marredhenie juridike detyrimi. Detyrimi duhet te permbushet sipas permbajtjes se tij ne vendin, menyren apo afatin e caktuar, si dhe ne pershtatje me kerkesat e ligjit dhe te kontrates. Kur nje person detyrohet te dorezoje nje send, ai detyrohet te ruaje e te kujdeset per te deri ne mometin e dorezimit. Kjo sanksionohet ne nenin 456 te Kodit Civil. Kur objekti i deyrimit eshte dorezimi i sendit te percaktuar ne gjini, debitori duhet te dorezoje sendin me cilesi jo me te dobet se ajo mesatare.(neni 457 i Kodit Civil.)21ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimPermbushja duhet ti referohet te gjithe kushteve te kontrates duke filluar me karakteristikat e objektit, me sasine, cilesine, vleren e tij, me menyren e dorezimit, te pagimit, vendin e ekzekutimit, afatin e te tjera qe do ti trajtojme ne vazhdim. Objekti. Debitori detyrohet te permbushe detyrimin ne pajtim me permbajtjen e tij, domethene detyrohet te kryeje ate veprim apo sherbim qe parashikohet ne mardhenien juridike te detyrimit. 22ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDebitori detyrohet te permbushe detyrimin ne pajtim me permbajtjen e tij, domethene detyrohet te kryeje ate veprim apo sherbim qe parashikohet ne mardhenien juridike te detyrimit. Zevendesimi i permbajtjes se detyrimit nuk duhet te ngaterrohet me dhenien me qellim perbushje. Per shembull, nje debitor qe i ka marre nje shume hua B-se, ne vend te saj i jep huadhenesit te tij nje biiklete qe ta shese dhe te nxjerre shumen e huase. Ne kete rast kur nje send jepet me qellim permbushjeje, detyrimi nuk shuhet ne momentin e dorezimit te sendit, por vetem pasi ai eshte shitur dhe shuma e nxjerre nga shitja ka zevendesuar huane e marre. 23ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrimi ne te holla. Pjesa me e madhe e detyrimeve ku hyjne palet ne qarkullimin civil jane detyrime ne te hollaKodi Civil percakton edhe menyren e pagimit apo te shlyerjes te ndonje shume parash. Sipas nenit 445: Detyrimi per te paguar nje shume parash shlyhet me vleften e tij nominale, perve kur rezulton ndryshe nga ligji ose nga kontrata. Nje nga elementet e treguesit me te rendesishem te nje detyrimi ne te holla eshte edhe monedha e parashikuar nga palet. Detyrimi monetar kryhet me monedhen qe eshte ne qarkullim ne shtetin ku behet pagesa, ne qofte se nuk parashikohet ndryshe ne kontrate. 24ORKIDA TOTOJANIdo detyrim monetar duhet te shlyhet jo vetem ne monedhen e caktuar nga palet, jo vetem ne vendin e caktuar nga palet ose nga ligji, por edhe ne afatin e percaktuar. Ne rast vonese te pagimit te shumes, debitori duhet te paguaje shperblimin e demit te shkaktuar nga kjo vonese. Demi ne keto raste perbehet nga: kamatat e arrira, te llogaritura ne monedhen zyrtare te vendit ku behet pagimi qe nga data e fillimit te voneses se debitorit. Perqindja e kamates percaktohet me ligj ose me kontrateKur pagesa ne pagimine nje detyrimi monetar eshte me e madhe se nje vit, atehere ne mbarim te do viti kamatat e arrira i shtohen shumes se detyruar ne baze te kontrates. 25ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimVendi i permbushjes se detyrimit. do detyrim duhet te permbushet ne vendin e caktuar nga palet ne kontrate. Sipas nenit 448 te Kodit Civil, kreditori mund te caktoje edhe nje vend tjeter te ndryshem nga venbanimi i tij, por gjithnje brenda kufijve te shtetit ku ai banon ne astin e pagimit te detyrimit ose ne astin e lindjes se tij. Zakonisht vendi i pagimit te shumes se detyruar caktohet ne marreveshjen e paleve. 26ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimAfati i permbushjes se detyrimit. Afat i permbushjes se detyrimit eshte asti ose momenti i caktuar ne kohe kur duhet te behet permbushja e detyrimit. Zakonisht afati percaktohet duke u treguar nje date e caktuar kalendarikeAfati mund te caktohet edhe duke treguar nje periudhe kohore me kalimin e se ciles duhet te permbushet detyrimi, per shembull. Brenda tre muajve nga asti i lidhjes se kontrates. Nje menyre tjeter e caktimit te nje afati eshte percaktimi ne kontrate i nje ngjarje natyrore ose i nje feste kalendarike qe dihet me siguri qe do te ndodhe. Per shembull, kur te bjere bora e pare , ne prag te Krishtlindjeve etj27ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimNe marredheniet juridike te detyrimit afati i permbushjes se detyrimit mund te caktohet qe ne fillim. Ne kete rast themi se detyrimi eshte me afat. Mund te ndodhe qe afati i permbushjes se detyrimit te mos jete caktuar ose permbushja te jete lene ne kerkesen e kreditorit. Ne kete rast themi se detyrimi eshte pa afat. Neni 463 i Kodit Civil pranon se ne raste te tilla kreditori ka te drejte te kerkoje permbushjen e detyrimit ne do kohe dhe debitori eshte i detyruar ta ekzekutoje detyrimin brenda 15 diteve nga kryerja e kerkeses se kreditorit. 28ORKIDA TOTOJANIMenyra e permbushjes se detyrimit. Kur flasim per menyre te permbushjes se detyrimit do te kemi parasysh sasine, cilesine e objektit si dhe menyren e dorezimit e dorezimit te tij. Persa i perket cilesise objekti i detyrimit duhet ti pergjigjet asaj cilesie qe palet kane percaktuar ne kontrate. Moral maturity Essay50ORKIDA TOTOJANINj nga kushtet m t rndsishme t kontrats s shitjes sht edhe mimi. Palt duhet t merren vesh shprehimisht pr mimin e objektit t kontrats. Ai duhet t plotsoj disa kushte: Duhet t jet i shprehur n t holla, sepse n t kundrt nuk do t ishim para nj kontrate shitje, por para nj kontrate shkmbimi. Si prjashtim mimi mund t jet i shprehur pjesrisht n t holla dhe pjesrisht n natyr. N kt rast do t jemi prpara kontrats s shitjes, ather kur vlera e shprehur n t holla do t jet m e madhe se vlera e sendit. Duhet t jet i dreje. N literaturn juridike, nj mim duhet t konsiderohet i drejt n qoft se sht t paktn sa nj e dyta e vlers s sendit t shitur, ose maksimumi sa dyfishi i vlers s tij. N t kundrt n qoft se sht jasht ktyre kufijve, ather shitja do t jet e pavlefshme. Duhet t jet real. Nj mim do t konsiderohet real, ather kur i prgjigjet vlers reale t sendit, cilsive t tij dhe qllimit pr t cilin sht krijuar. Duhet t jet i prcaktuar ose i prcaktueshm. mimi sht i prcaktueshem, ather kur palt e kan lidhur prcaktimin e tij me ndonj kusht ose me kalimin e nj afati t caktuar. 51ORKIDA TOTOJANIDetyrimet e palve n kontratn e shitjes. Detyrimet e shitsit jan:Ti kaloj blersit t drejtn e pronsisTi dorzoj blersit objektin e kontratsT garantoj blersin pr gzimin e qet t sendit, t lir nga do e drejt tjetr pronsie e personave t tjer mbi tT garantoj blersin pr cilsin e sendit dhe mungesn e t metave t tij52ORKIDA TOTOJANIDetyrimet e blersitDetyrimi pr t marr n dorzim sendin. Detyrimi pr pagimin e mimit t shitjes. 53ORKIDA TOTOJANIMomenti i kalimit t s drejts s pronsis. Pasoja m e rndsishme juridike e kontrats s shitjes sht kalimi i s drejts s pronsis nga shitsi tek blersi. Ky moment ka rndsi t madhe, sepse q nga ky ast shitsi pushon s qni pronar, ndrsa blersi si pronar i ri i lind e drejta ta krkoj sendin nga kushdo qoft. Ve ksaj rreziku i humbjes ose dmtimit rastsisht t sendit pa fajin e ndonjrs nga palt, q nga ky moment rndon mbi blersin. 54ORKIDA TOTOJANILidhur me astin e kalimit t s drejts s pronsis nga shitsi tek blersi, legjislacionet e ndryshme njohin dy sisteme:Sistemi i astit t dorzimit t sendit. Sistemi i astit t lidhjes s kontrats. Sipas Kodit Civil shqiptar, asti i kalimit t s drejts s pronsis sht asti i lidhjes s kontrats. Si prjashtim, vetm pr sendet q maten, peshohen ose numrohen, ( pra pr sendet e prcaktuara n gjini ), pronsia kalon n astin e dorzimit t tyre. Ndrsa pr sendet e paluajtshme, kontratat e t cilave duhet t bhen me akt noterial dhe t rregjistrohen, pronsia kalon n astin e lidhjes s kontrats. 55ORKIDA TOTOJANILlojet e kontratave t shitjes. Llojet kryesore t kontratave t shitjes t parashikuara nga legjislacioni yn dhe nga legjislacione t tjera jan:-shitja me mostr,-shitja me prov,-shitja me t drejt parablerje etj. Kodi Civil rregullon shprehimisht dy lloje shitjesh:shitjen me rezerv t prons,shitjen e pasurive t paluajtshme. 56ORKIDA TOTOJANIN qoft se palt parashikojn q mimi i shitjes do t paguhet me kste dhe blersi i fiton pronsin me pagimin e kstit t fundit pavarsisht se atij i sht br dorzimi i sendit, themi se kemi t bjm me shitjen me rezerv pronsie. Shitja me rezerv pronsie duhet t parashikohet shprehimisht n kontrat. Shitja e sendeve t paluajtshme sht formale, domethn ajo duhet t bhet me akt noterial dhe t rregjistrohet, prndryshe sht e pavlefshme. 57ORKIDA TOTOJANIKONTRATA E QIRASEKuptimi dhe veorit e kontrats s qirasElementt e kontrats s qirasLidhja dhe ndryshimi i kontrates se qirase me kontratat e tjeraLlojet e kontratave t qiras. 58ORKIDA TOTOJANIKuptimi dhe veorit e kontrats s qiras. Qiraja sht kontrata me t ciln njra pal ( qiradhnsi ) detyrohet ti jap pals tjetr ( qiramarrsit ) nj send t caktuar n gzim t prkohshm kundrejt nj shprblimi t caktuar. Duke marr n analiz prkufizimin e msiprm dalin n pah edhe veorit e kontrats s qiras. Ato jan si m posht:Afati sipas nenit 803 t Kodit Civil, kontrata nuk mund t lidhet pr nj periudh m t gjat se 30 vjet, prve rasteve kur n ligj sht prcaktuar ndryshe. Pr shembull, qiraja e toks e ka kufirin maksimal t afatit 99 vjet, qiraja e ndrtesave t destinuara pr banim e ka 5 vjet, etj. 59ORKIDA TOTOJANIN kontratn e qiras sendi jepet n gzim t prkohshm, domethn se qiramarrsi e prdor sendin sipas destinacionit t caktuar n kontrat ose sipas mnyrs s tij dhe pas mbarimit t afatit kontraktor duhet tia kthej prsri sendin qiradhnsit. Ky i fundit mbetet pronar i sendit gjat gjith kohs s vazhdimsis s kontrats dhe pas saj. Qiradhnsi nuk zhvishet asnjher nga e drejta e tij e pronsis. Objekt i kontrats s qiras mund t jen vetm sendet, qofshin kto t luajtshme ose t paluajtshme. Kusht kryesor pr objektin sht q sendi t jet nj send individualisht i prcaktuar dhe n t njjtn koh i pakonsumueshm60ORKIDA TOTOJANIKarakteristik tjetr e ksaj kontrate sht edhe preferenca. Me preferenc do t kuptojm t drejtn e qiramarrsit, q n fund t kontrats s qiras n qoft se kontrata do t rinovohet nga ana e qiradhnsit, ather qiramarrsi sht i preferuar pr t mbetur i till n raport me pretendentt e tjer pr qiramarrs edhe pr nj afat t ri. Kt t drejt ai mund ta ushtroj vetm n qoft se ka qen i prpikt dhe korrekt n prmbushjen e detyrimeve q kan rrjedhur nga kontrata e qiras. Prtritja sht nj veori tjetr e qiras. Nj kontrat qiraje do t quhet e prtritur kur megjithse ka mbaruar afati qiramarrsi vazhdon ta mbaj n prdorim sendin dhe qiradhnsi nuk paraqet ndonj kundrshtim pr kt gj. N kto raste kontrata do t riprtrihet edhe pr nj afat t ri me po ato kushte si e mparshmja. 61ORKIDA TOTOJANIPrsa i prket forms, n nenin 803, sanksionohet se kontrata e qiras q lidhet me afat mbi nj vit duhet t bhet me shkres. Ndrsa kontrata e qiras me afat m t shkurtr se nj vit mund t bhet edhe me goj dhe si rrjedhim ajo mund t vrtetohet me dshmitar. Kontrata e qiras me objekt sende t paluajtshme duhet t rregjistrohet pr efekt vlefshmrie. Ky rregjistrim sht i detyrueshm ather kur afati i kontrats s qiras sht 9 vjet. Pr kto lloj kontratash q jan me afat m t shkurtr se 9 vjet jan t vlefshme edhe sikur t mos rregjistrohen me kusht q t jen t lidhura n form shkresore. Kur objekt i qiras jan sende t paluajtshme me karakter bujqsor kontrata e qiras me afat mbi 9 vjet duhet t bhet me akt noterial dhe t rregjistrohet, sepse n t kundrt sht e pavlefshme. 62ORKIDA TOTOJANIQiraja sht nj kontrat me shprblim. Qiraja zakonisht sht e shprehur n t holla, por ka raste q mund t shprehet n natyr. Pr shembull, tek kontrata e qiras s tokave bujqsore m shpesh palt e parashikojn vlern e qiras n produkte bujqsore. Kodi Civil rregullon edhe kontratn e nnqiras. Sipas ktij rregulli qiramarrsi mund t lidh kontrata nnqiraje me nj person t tret, por gjithmon kur palt n kontratn e qiras nuk kan parashikuar ndonj marrveshje t kundrt ose ndonj ndalim pr kt gj. Qiramarrsi mund tia kaloj kontratn e qiras nj personi tjetr vetm me plqimin e qiradhnsit. Pr sa i prket astit t mbarimit n qoft se kontrata sht lidhur me afat ather qiraja mbaron me skadimin e ktij afati, pa qen e nevojshme shpallja e ktij mbarimi n ndonj form t caktuar. Kur kontrata sht lidhur pa afat t caktuar, ather do t konsiderohet se mbaron q nga asti q njra pal njofton tjetrn kur ato e kan parashikuar nj gj t till, n t kundrt do t quhet q afati sht maksimali i parashikuar nga ligji pr at lloj kontrate qiraje. 63ORKIDA TOTOJANIElementt e kontrats s qiras. Objekt i kontrats mund t jen si sendet e luajtshme edhe ato t paluajtshme me kusht q t jen t pakonsumueshm dhe individualisht t prcaktuar sepse do t kthehet i njjti send. N qoft se objekt i kontrats do t ishin sende n gjini, ather do t gjendeshim para kontrats s huas n t ciln huamarrsi detyrohet t kthej jo sendet q ka marr, por sende t tjera t t njjtit lloj, n t njjtn sasi dhe cilsi. Objekt mund t jen edhe sende q nuk mund t shiten apo t tjetrsohen, sepse tek qiraja nuk krkohet kalimi i pronsis. Subjektet e kontrats s qiras quhen qiradhnsi dhe qiramarrsi. Qiradhns mund t jet do person fizik ose juridik. Si rregull qiradhnsi sht pronar i sendit, por ky nuk sht kusht thelbsor dhe i domosdoshm. Si rrjedhim si qiradhns mund t paraqitet edhe nj person q nuk sht pronar i sendit, mjafton q t ket t drejt q t jap sendin me qira. Pr shembull ktu futen prindrit dhe kujdestart pr pasurit e personave q kan n kujdestari ose prfaqsuesit, ndrmjetsit, kur kt t drejt e gzojn n baz t kontrats ose t ligjit. Po ashtu kan t drejt t japin me qira sende edhe punonjsit shtetror t cilve u njihet e drejta t lidhin kontrata qiraje me objekt pasurit q kan n administrim si rezultat i kompetencave t tyre dhe i funksioneve q ata kryejn. 64ORKIDA TOTOJANIT drejtat dhe detyrimet e palve n kontratn e qiras. Detyrimet e qiradhnsit jan:Qiradhnsi sht i detyruar q ti dorzoj qiramarrsit sendin n kohn e caktuar n kontrat dhe n at gjendje q i prgjigjet qllimit pr t cilin sht dhn me qira. Dorzimi i sendit duhet t bhet n afatin e caktuar n kontrat. N qoft se n kontrat nuk sht prcaktuar shprehimisht asti i dorzimit t sendit, ather dorzimi do t bhet menjher me lidhjen e kontrats. Qiradhnsi ka si detyrim ta mbaj sendin n po at gjndje si e ka dhn n astin e dorzimit t tij. Gjat vazhdimit t qiras qiradhnsi sht i detyruar t kryej t gjitha ndreqjet q jan thelbsore, t domosdoshme dhe t nevojshme pr ta mbajtur sendin n po at gjndje q i prgjigjet qllimit t dhnies me qira. 65ORKIDA TOTOJANIQiradhnsi duhet t garantoj qiramarrsin pr mungesn e t metave t sendit. Qiradhnsi ashtu si edhe tek kontrata e shitjes, detyrohet ta garantoj qiramarrsin jo vetm pr mungesn e t metave t sendit, por edhe pr gzimin e qet t tij. T drejtat dhe detyrimet e qiramarrsit. Qiramarrsi detyrohet t marr dijeni pr sendin dhe ta prdor at sipas destinacionit q del nga kontrata ose nga qllimi i palve. Qiramarrsi duhet ta kthej sendin sendin n gjndjen q sht marr. Zakonisht kontrata e qiras duhet t prmbaj prshkrimin e hollsishm t karakteristikave t sendit si dhe t kufijve t tij kur ai sht i paluajtshm. Detyrimi m i dukshm pr qiramarrsin sht pagimi i mimit t qiras. Ky detyrim duhet t prmbushet n afatet e caktuara n kontrat. 66ORKIDA TOTOJANILidhja dhe ndryshimi i kontrates se qirase me kontratat e tjeraKontrata e qirase ngjan shume me huaperdorjen, sepse tek te dyja keto kontrata njera pale i jep tjetres nje send ne perdorim me qellim qe ta ktheje perseri. Ndryshimi midis tyre qendron ne faktin se qiraja eshte nje kontrate me shperblim, ndersa huaperdorja eshte nje kontrate qe lidhet gjithmone pa shperblim. Qiraja ngjan me depoziten, sepse tek te dyja lihet nje send perkohesisht ne duart e tjetres, per ta rikthyer perseri. Ndryshimi qendron ne faktin se depozita lidhet me qellim ruajtjen e sendit dhe vetem si rast perjashtimor perdorimin e tij. Tek qiraja sendi jepet ne perdorim me qellim qe te shfrytezohet dhe te gezohet dhe ruajtja apo kujdesi per sendin eshte nje detyrim dytesor gjithmone ne funksion te perdorimit. Kontrata e qirase dallon nga shitja, sepse tek kontrata e shitjes kalon e drejta e pronesise nga shitesi tek bleresi, ndersa tek qiraja vetem nendoresia dhe gezimi i sendit. 67ORKIDA TOTOJANILlojet e kontratave t qiras. Qiraja me objekt pasurit e paluajtshme me natyr bujqsore. Objekt i ksaj kontrate jan sendet e paluajtshme bujqsore si pr shembull, toka bujqsore, kullotat, livadhet, pyjet, ndrtesat e banimit si dhe ndrtesat ndihmse q jan n funksion t nj veprimtarie bujqsore. Pjes e kontrats s qiras duhet t jet edhe inventari i hollsishm n t cilin prshkruhen kufijt dhe karakteristikat e pasuris s paluajtshme si dhe inventari i plot i sendeve t tjera t luajtshme t lidhura me t. N munges t nj inventari do t konsiderohet se prona sht marr n rregull. Prsa i prket forms, sht nj kontrat formale q duhet t lidhet me akt noterial dhe t rregjstrohet n regjistrat publik, kur lidhet pr nj afat mbi 9 vjet, sepse n t kundrt kontrata do t quhet e pavlefshme68ORKIDA TOTOJANINj kusht mjaft i rndsishm i ksaj kontrate sht edhe mimi, i cili mund t jet i shprehur si n t holla ashtu edhe n natyr. Kur mimi sht shprehur n produkte bujqsore, kto do t dorzohen pasi t jen mbjell t korrat. Po ashtu mimi duhet t paguhet sipas afateve t caktuara n kontrat. N munges t afatit, kur mimi sht i shprehur n t holla, ai do t paguhet n fund t do viti kalendarik. 69ORKIDA TOTOJANIKarakteristik pr kt kontrat sht e ashtuquajtura e drejt e kultivimit, e cila nnkupton t drejtn e njrs nga palt kontraktuese q t vendos se far produkti do t kultivohet n tokn objekt qiraje nga nj periudh n nj tjetr. E drejta e kultivimit duhet t rregullohet me marrveshje t palve. N qoft se ato nuk jan marr vesh shprehimisht n kontrat, ather kemi dy raste:kur mimi i qiras sht shprehur trsisht ose kryesisht n produkte bujqsore t kultivuara n tokn objekt qiraje, ather e drejta e kultivimit i takon qiradhnsit. Kur mimi i qiras sht shprehur trsisht ose pjesrisht n t holla, e drejta e kultivimit i takon qiramarrsit. 70ORKIDA TOTOJANIKontrata e qirase financiareKodi Civil ne dispozitat mbi kontraten e qirase rregullon per here te pare edhe kontraten e qirase financiare ose kontraten leasing. Me ane te kesaj kontrate njera pale detyrohet te vere ne dispozicion te pales tjeter per nje kohe te caktuar nje send te luajtshem ose te paluajtshem kundrejt nje pagese me afate periodike qe percaktohet ne varesi te vleres se sendit, te kohezgjatjes se kontrates si dhe te ndonje elementi tjeter te caktuar ne marreveshje te paleve. Sendi duhet te jete fituar ose te jete ndertuar nga qiradhenesi me ane te pershkrimit te qiramarresit ose sipas deshires se tijNdonese qellimi i qirase financiare, si per do kontrate qiraje eshte perdorimi i nje sendi te caktuar te luajshem ose te paluajtshem, ne ndryshim nga kontrata tradicionale e qirase, tek kontrata e qirase financiare rezultati perfundimtar i marreveshjes se paleve eshte e drejta e qiramarresit per tu bere pronar i sendit71ORKIDA TOTOJANI

Oliver Twist Essays (2313 words) - Charles Dickens, John Dickens

Oliver Twist Have you ever thought about how it would be to live in a time of poverty? How would life be if you were poor and did not know from where you would be getting your next meal? What would it be like to be forced to live in a workhouse? These are some of the questions you might ask yourself if you were living in early nineteenth century England. Dickens addresses these issues in his timeless masterpiece Oliver Twist. In the story of Oliver Twist, Dickens uses past experiences from his childhood and targets the Poor Law of 1834 which renewed the importance of the workhouse as a means of relief for the poor. Dickens' age was a period of industrial development marked by the rise of the middle class (Wagenknecht 219). In the elections brought about by the accession of William IV in 1830, the Tories lost control of the government. Assumption of power by the Whigs opened the way to an era of accelerated progress (Kaste 8). In this time period children worked just as much, if not more, than some of the adults. After 1833, an increased amount of legislation was enacted to control the hours of labor and working conditions for children and women in manufacturing plants. The Poor Law of 1834 provided that all able bodied paupers must reside in a workhouse (8). Widespread hostility was felt to the new law; many believed that life was harder in a workhouse than in prison (Rooke 22). The plan was successful from one standpoint, for within three years the cost of poor relief was reduced by more than one-third. However, this system was sharply censured. The increased prevalence of crime was attributed towards it. Inmates of the workhouses became objects of public stigma, and to further heighten the unpopularity of the institutions, living conditions were deliberately made harsh (Kaste 8). Poverty was at it's peak around this time in England. Houses were overcrowded, packed together in narrow streets and courts which were often piled deep in rotting refuse (Rooke 33). New problems of food and public health were faced by a parliamentary and economic system which was better suited to the eighteenth century. On June 20, 1837, Queen Victoria came to the throne of England as the long period of middle class ascendancy was gaining momentum (Kaste 8). The Victorian age, which this time period is often referred, comes from Queen Victoria. In 1840, it was thought that only twenty percent of the children of London had any form of schooling. The 1840s were years of crises. The character on English life was being transformed by industrial expansion and by great movements of population towards urban life. Charles Dickens was born in Landport, Portsea, on February 7, 1812. He was the second son of John Dickens. John Dickens was a clerk in the Navy pay office. His improvidence would eventually lead to imprisonment in the Marshalsea, a debtor's prison for debt (Hardy 41). As a child Charles Dickens explored London and the fascination that he felt for this booming city remained with him throughout his life (Rooke 15). Dickens received his first instruction from his mother and later attended regular schools in Chatham. When John Dickens, his wife, and their four children went to the debtor's prison, Charles Dickens didn't go. He soon became intimate with his father's small collection of literary classics. He also revealed early signs of genius. Dickens' recollections of early life were centered in Kent and he often regarded himself as a member of that region (Kaste 9). Dickens was sent to work at the age of twelve in Worren's Blacking Warehouse. After his father's release he went back to school.. When school was complete he went to work in an attorney's office. He spent much of his time exploring the busy and varied life of London and decided to become a journalist. He mastered a difficult system of shorthand and by March 1832, at the age of twenty, he was a general and parliamentary reporter. In 1829 he met and soon fell in love with Maria Bendnell, but her parents found him socially inferior (Hardy 41). Not long after, in 1836, he fell in love with and married Catherine Hogarth. They had ten children together. In 1858 Dickens fell in love with Ellen Terron, an actress. This was soon after Dickens and his wife Catherine separated, ending a long stream of marital difficulties. In1842, Dickens traveled to the United States hoping to find

Sample Reflective Essay on Busy Lives

Sample Reflective Essay on Busy LivesTo summarize, in this article I'm going to discuss a great reflection and sampling essay on busy lives by my favorite example, The Bartleby, Jr. when Bartleby is our sample reflective essay on busy lives.This sample reflective essay on busy lives was written by Stanley Chase. There are some great stories that I love about this sample reflective essay on busy lives. I think the lessons learned in this sample reflective essay on busy lives are amazing.I first want to quickly explain what a sample reflective essay is. A sample reflective essay is one of the most valuable resources for writers to create a personal statement of purpose.In this sample reflective essay on busy lives, we learn what do we do when we're with those who don't understand or care about us. The piece tells us how we all need to have values must be reflected. Those who are wealthy, intelligent, or who are self-made will not be so concerned with the plight of those who are not.We then learn how we have to value ourselves before we can value other people. If you have values, you will never see something as good as you want to see it.One of the most wonderful part of this writing is that we're told why we should value ourselves so much. We get to learn about the value of coming together as a society to help those who are in need. We are also asked how we should feel about our world.The idea is that we're told that we should be rich, because the rich people didn'thave the same opportunities that the poor have. I'm glad that the author thinks about the advantages of rich people, and that's because it makes it easier for me to see myself in this story. For instance, I think that having a business makes me feel rich.Another great part of this reflective essay is that the writer has put together an essay that has a lot of important ideas. The essay is divided into five parts. Each part is interesting and thought provoking.

5 Core WordPress Features That You Should Use More Often

WordPress is the worlds most popular content management system, and even with its minimalist out-of-the-box functionality, it is  far more powerful  than you might think. Were  not just talking about the notion of using plugins like Jetpack to extend the platforms core functionality either there are probably  built-in core WordPress features you  are unaware of.In fact, its possible that you have functionality-boosting plugins installed on your WordPress website right now that, in reality, dont need to be there. Fortunately, all core WordPress  features are easy to find, and are ready to be used on your website right now.In this post, we reveal five core WordPress features that you probably dont know about, but should definitely make better use of.  Lets get started:Core WordPress features to use more often:1. Distraction-free writing modeResisting distractions and battling procrastination are part and parcel of a bloggers daily routine. To help you focus on your writi ng, WordPress has a handy distraction-free writing mode built right into its native editor.Where to find itThe distraction-free writing mode button can be found within the TinyMCE editor on any edit page. Simply click the icon located in the top-right hand corner of the editor, and WordPress tucks away both the meta boxes on the right,  and the dashboard  menu on the left. It even dims the bar at the top of  the page to ensure your eyes dont wander.All of this serves to  bring the editor itself to the forefront, enabling  you to focus on putting pen to paper (so to speak).2. The Theme CustomizerCustomizing your WordPress theme – especially within the context of a complete redesign –  can  quickly bog you down. There are plenty of theme developers who have noticed this and created custom dashboard editors in an attempt to relieve users of the strain.However, the often overlooked WordPress Theme Customizer still has its place, and is  a great way  to ma ke quick theme modifications without trawling through the options in a custom solution. More than that, its actually the recommended way of customizing a theme.Where to find itThe WordPress Theme Customizer can be found under  Appearance / Customize within the WordPress sidebar. From here you have access to  a number of customizations, depending on the theme youre using. At the very least, youll be able to change your websites  title and tagline, logo, menu structure, and color scheme.With  the  recent WordPress 4.5 update, WordPress Theme Customizer has seen  a number of new additions,  making it an even more viable alternative for quick customization. In fact, we love the WordPress Customizer so much weve created a comprehensive guide  on how to use it to spruce up your websites design.3. The category and tags converterThe structure of your WordPress website may change over time. As you learn more about how to  organize your website, youll discover new ways to ut ilize categories and tags to help users to  find related content.As such, you may eventually find yourself needing to convert your websites categories into tags (or vice versa). This process can help to restructure the way your blog posts and pages are served up to your readers – particularly if youre thinking about  swapping your WordPress theme for something a little more snazzy. And this is where the next one of our core WordPress features comes into play.Where to find itThe Categories and Tags Converter can be found by heading to the  Tools menu, then Import.  You can choose convert  Categories to Tags or Tags to Categories  before making your individual selections. After clicking the Convert button, WordPress will then handle the  technical stuff.4. CSS classes for menusHave you ever wanted to customize the look and feel of individual menus, submenus, and menu buttons? WordPress already has you covered!By activating custom CSS classes for your WordPress men us, you can easily add CSS code without having to exit the Menus  edit page. Its a quick and easy way to go deep on customizing the design of your menus, all from a familiar interface.Where to find itBefore you can use the CSS Classes option, youll need to activate it from the Screen Options tab at the top of the Menus screen. Click the tab, and it will open out to display several checkboxes. Click the CSS Classes box under the Show advanced menu properties section, and  youll see the field  appear within any menu items options.5. The Press This toolPress This is a bookmarklet that  can be dragged and dropped into your browsers bookmark bar. By  clicking the button whenever youre browsing an interesting web page, you can quickly post a link and a short commentary  directly to your WordPress website. Its then immediately published in the form of a blog post.Its a fantastically quick, easy, and smart way to alert  your readers to exciting content as and when you find it around the internet.Where to find itYou can  access the  Press This button by navigating  to the  Tools menu, then the  Available Tools tab. Simply drag it to your browsers bookmarks bar, and its ready to go. You can also access Press This for mobiles using the Open Press This button, adding it as you would any other bookmark on your device.ConclusionWordPress is already a powerhouse content management system, but by making use of some relatively unknown core  functionality, you can make it go the extra mile without having to resort to plugins.To recap, here are the five core WordPress features you could  make better use of:Distraction-free writing mode:  For a more focused writing experience.Theme Customizer:  To modify WordPress websites quickly within a familiar interface.The Category to Tags Converter:  For re-structuring the categories and tags that make up your WordPress website.CSS classes for menus:  For adding custom CSS code to your menus, submenus, a nd individual menu buttons.Press This:  To help you quickly share newly discovered  content with your audience, directly from your browsers bookmark bar.Are there any other core  WordPress features that dont get the props they deserve? Share them with us in the comments section below!

Battle of Fredericksburg in the Civil War

Battle of Fredericksburg in the Civil War The Battle of Fredericksburg was was fought December 13, 1862, during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and saw Union forces suffer a bloody defeat. Having grown angry with Major General George B. McClellans unwillingness to pursue General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia after the Battle of Antietam, President Abraham Lincoln relieved him on November 5, 1862, and replaced him with Major General Ambrose Burnside two days later. A West Point graduate, Burnside had achieved some success earlier in the war campaigning in North Carolina and leading IX Corps. A Reluctant Commander Despite this, Burnside had misgivings about his ability to lead the Army of the Potomac. He had twice declined the command citing that he was unqualified and lacked experience. Lincoln had first approached him following McClellans defeat on the Peninsula in July and made a similar offer following Major General John Popes defeat at Second Manassas in August. Asked again that fall, he only accepted when Lincoln told him that McClellan would be replaced regardless and that the alternative was Major General Joseph Hooker whom Burnside intensely disliked.      Burnsides Plan Reluctantly assuming command, Burnside was pressured to undertake offensive operations by Lincoln and Union General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck. Planning a late fall offensive, Burnside intended to move into Virginia and openly concentrate his army at Warrenton. From this position he would feint towards Culpeper Court House, Orange Court House, or Gordonsville before quickly marching southeast to Fredericksburg. Hoping to sidestep Lees army, Burnside planned to cross the Rappahannock River and advance on Richmond via the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad. Requiring speed and guile, Burnsides plan built upon some operations that McClellan had been contemplating at the time of his removal. The final plan was submitted to Halleck on November 9. Following a lengthy debate, it was approved by Lincoln five days later though the president was disappointed that the target was Richmond and not Lees army. Additionally, he cautioned that Burnside should move quickly as it was unlikely that Lee would hesitate to move against him. Moving out on November 15, the lead elements of the Army of the Potomac reached Falmouth, VA, opposite Fredericksburg, two days later having successfully stolen a march on Lee. Armies Commanders Union - Army of the Potomac Major General Ambrose E. Burnside100,007 men Confederates - Army of Northern Virginia General Robert E. Lee72,497 men Critical Delays This success was squandered when it was discovered that the pontoons needed to bridge the river had not arrived ahead of the army due to an administrative error. Major General Edwin V. Sumner, commanding the Right Grand Division (II Corps IX Corps), pressed Burnside for permission to ford the river to scatter the few Confederate defenders in Fredericksburg and occupy Maryes Heights west of the town. Burnside refused fearing that the fall rains would cause the river to rise and that Sumner would be cut off. Responding to Burnside, Lee initially anticipated having to make a stand behind the North Anna River to the south. This plan changed when he learned how slow Burnside was moving and he instead elected to march towards Fredericksburg. As the Union forces sat in Falmouth, Lieutenant General James Longstreets entire corps arrived by November 23 and began digging on the heights. While Longstreet established a commanding position,  Lt. General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons corps was en route from the Shenandoah Valley.   Opportunities Missed On November 25, the first pontoon bridges arrived, but Burnside refused to move, missing an opportunity to crush half of Lees army before the other half arrived. By the end of the month, when the remaining bridges arrived, Jacksons corps had reached Fredericksburg and assumed a position south of Longstreet. Finally, on December 11, Union engineers began building six pontoon bridges opposite Fredericksburg. Under fire from Confederate snipers, Burnside was forced to send landing parties across the river to clear out the town. Supported by artillery on Stafford Heights, the Union troops occupied Fredericksburg and looted the town. With the bridges completed, the bulk of Union forces began crossing the river and deploying for battle on December 11 and 12. Burnsides original plan for the battle called for the main attack to be executed to the south by Major General William B. Franklins Left Grand Division (I Corps VI Corps) against Jacksons position, with a smaller, supporting action against Maryes Heights. Held in the South Beginning at 8:30 AM on December 13, the assault was led by Major General George G. Meades division, supported by those of Brigadier Generals Abner Doubleday and John Gibbon. While initially hampered by heavy fog, the Union attack gained momentum around 10:00 AM when it was able to exploit a gap in Jacksons lines. Meades attack was eventually stopped by artillery fire, and around 1:30 PM a massive Confederate counterattack forced all three Union divisions to withdraw. To the north, the first assault on Maryes Heights had commenced at 11:00 AM and was led by the division of Major General William H. French. A Bloody Failure The approach to the heights required the attacking force to cross a 400-yard open plain which was divided by a drainage ditch. To cross the ditch, Union troops were forced to file in columns over two small bridges. As in the south, the fog prevented Union artillery on Stafford Heights from providing effective fire support. Moving forward, Frenchs men were repulsed with heavy casualties. Burnside repeated the attack with the divisions of Brigadier Generals Winfield Scott Hancock and Oliver O. Howard with the same results. With the battle going poorly on Franklins front, Burnside focused his attention on Maryes Heights. Reinforced by Major General George Picketts division, Longstreets position proved impenetrable. The attack was renewed at 3:30 PM when Brigadier General Charles Griffins division was sent forward and repulsed. Half an hour later, Brigadier General Andrew Humphreys  division charged with the same result. The battle concluded when Brigadier General George W. Gettys division attempted to attack the heights from the south with no success. All told, sixteen charges were made against the stone wall atop Maryes Heights, usually in brigade strength. Witnessing the carnage Gen. Lee commented, It is well that war is so terrible, or we should grow too fond of it. Aftermath One of the most one-sided battles of the Civil War, the Battle of Fredericksburg cost the Army of the Potomac 1,284 killed, 9,600 wounded, and 1,769 captured/missing. For the Confederates, casualties were 608 killed, 4,116 wounded, and 653 captured/missing. Of these only around 200 were suffered at Maryes Heights. As the battle ended, many Union troops, living and wounded, were forced to spend the freezing night of December 13/14 on the plain before the heights, pinned down by the Confederates. On the afternoon of the 14th, Burnside asked Lee for a truce to tend to his wounded which was granted. Having removed his men from the field, Burnside withdrew the army back across the river to Stafford Heights. The following month, Burnside strove to save his reputation by attempting to move north around Lees left flank. This plan bogged down when January rains reduced the roads to mud pits which prevented the army from moving. Dubbed the Mud March, the movement was cancelled. Burnside was replaced by Hooker on January 26, 1863.

The Mistreatment of Slaves

The Mistreatment of Slaves Free Online Research Papers Since grade school, students have been taught in their respective history classes about slavery. They were taught about the various aspects of slavery for example, the lack of formal and informal education, their mistreatment, abuse, both verbal and physical, and the everlasting slaughter of innocent slaves. Though there are occasions where one hears that there was a master that didn’t mistreat and abuse his slaves. Those types of master-slave relationships were extremely rare. According to many text and history books slaves were often mistreated and abused on a daily basis. The question, now is, did the mistreatment and abuse of the slaves, in particular the women slaves, in the autobiography, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, written by Harriet Jacobs actually occur to that extent. Were slaves really treated in such a way presented by Ms. Jacobs in her autobiography? Slaves were definitely mistreated and abused by their masters and overseers, but what extent did that mistreatment and abuse actually go, is what needs a deeper look. Harriet Jacobs had to use a pseudonym, Linda Brent to be able to publish her autobiography. Ms. Jacobs will be referred to as Linda for the sake of this paper. The autobiography begins with Linda by stating the, â€Å"I was born a slave; but never knew it till six years of happy childhood had passed away†. By this statement, one would begin to question, how could a child born into slavery not know that she was a slave? If one is born a slave, people would believe that mistreatment and abuse starts from, very early ages like around one and two years of age. According to Paul E. Scott, in the novel Slavery Remembered, â€Å"It was possible a young slave to grow well past infancy in a naà ¯ve, childish happiness, oblivious to the painful gulf between his blood relations and his master†. (Escott, 29) Thus this statement validates, those of Linda. The master and mistress did not begin to instill in them at a young age that they were their property and they must obey their every command and wish. So for a child born into slavery and didn’t know that she was a slave, as Linda describes, makes one believe that the mistreatment and abuse could not have been all that damaging and harmful. To have a general sense, it seems that slave children were aloud to grow, without the burden of being a slave or even a servant up until the age five or six which, coincides with the timeline given by Linda in her autobiography. After the age of five or six the, they are made to do minor household chores, and by the age of fifteen almost all slaves were at work on their regular tasks. Another mistreatment that fell upon slaves was their â€Å"right†, or lack there of, to education. Slaves were not given any rights especially the right to learn, or be taught. For Linda to be taught, by her mistress of all people, how to â€Å"read and spell† is a far cry of mistreatment. Being taught to read and spell, would that count as mistreatment or the bettering of a slave that had no right to that knowledge. Later on in her autobiography, she claims to have taught herself. So which part of the autobiography does one side with, the part where she praises her mistress for teaching her to read and spell, or the portion where she makes the reader believe that she taught herself how to read and write. This is a large discrepancy, and truly makes a massive difference, in how one would view the rest of Linda’s story. These kinds of discrepancies, makes the reader criticize all that Linda brings to our attention. There are slave narratives that can found, for ex ample in Black Slave Narratives, which one slave remembers how her mistress taught her to read, but that there were other motives behind it, so that she would be able to spy upon the other slaves and write down all the â€Å"wrong doings† by the other slaves. (Bayliss, 65) Why did Linda praise her mistress by acknowledging the fact that she taught her how to read, was it to down play the mistreatment of her by her mistress, or did it actually occur that way, and the statement made later on in the text, was to make herself look better in the eyes of the reader. There is an extremely common and appropriate reason to why some slaves praise their masters, though they are mistreated and abused. The reason was age, when slaves were still young they had â€Å"limited experiences [which] quite naturally produced limited views†. (Escott, 31) They usually spoke very well of master and mistress and food, while denying that they were ever abused. Linda praised her mistress by vocalizing such things like: â€Å"As a child, I loved my mistress†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"†¦I bless her memory†, â€Å"My mistress was so kind to me that I was always glad to do her bidding†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , â€Å"I would sit by her side for hours†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and finally arguing that â€Å"Those were happy days-too happy to last†. (Jacobs 371) As seen through Linda’s admiration filled eyes, one would strongly believe that slaves were not treated as bad as they led everyone to believe, but the reader must take into consideration that at this poi nt in time Linda was indeed a child. As it is today, the same as it was in Linda’s time children are not the most reliable source of information, because of the fact that they have such little experience with the matter at hand. By Linda’s testimony as a child, one should not begin to infer anything about the actual mistreatment and abuse of slaves. One of the first mistreatment mentioned by Linda, is when her new mistress Mrs. Flint made her take off her brand new shoes and stockings given to her by her grandmother, and â€Å"sent [her] on a long distance, on an errand†, while in the snow. (Jacobs, 379) This mistreatment could also be called abuse, to an extent. There was no reason for the punishment, or even the errand she was sent on. That abuse was cruel and uncalled for, and at this period in her autobiography is where, the reader can see a change in Linda from naà ¯ve, young slave girl, into a more open minded, mature, experienced slave. This is when, if Linda attacks or praises someone, whether it is her master, mistress, or lover one would more than likely be able to take her word at face value. This abuse given to her by her mistress was short lived because her master took a very unappreciated interest in the young Linda. He protected her from everyone except himself, no one was allowed to touch her, strike her, or even make her work in the fields. She became the master’s pet and she was grateful for his protection, but what he wanted from her, she would not give. Not only was the abuse of slaves’ physical, but also it was also mental, especially amongst the women slaves. Mr. Flint, Linda’s master began to torment her and make her life a living hell. â€Å"My master met me at every turn reminding me that I belonged to him, and swearing by heaven and earth that he would compel me to submit to him†. (Jacobs, 386) Though the master protects her from physical abuse from everyone else, he often verbally abuses her, and on very rare occasions physically abused her himself. Verbal and physical abuse of a female slaves, was pretty much the norm. They w ere forced into having sexual intercourse, from people like their masters, his children, and the overseers. (Garrison, 62) It seems as though the female slaves are more likely than the males to experiences various sorts of abuse and mistreatment. Men had mostly to only deal with the beatings, but men were not only physically abused but also mentally. What would you call having to watch or here of your mother, aunt, sister, cousin, or even niece being raped and conceiving a child for your master? It is called abuse, of the mental kind in respect to the male slaves. Slaves were not allowed to marry and weren’t supposed to have intercourse. For a male slave to see a woman that maybe he wanted to marry and was not allowed to with child, and when the child is born he/she is mulatto. Surely it caused and extreme amount of mental anguish. People tend not to look at things concerning male slaves in that way. The abuse is extensive for both men and women in this case. Linda goes as far as to ask the question â€Å"why does the slave ever love†. (Jacobs, 392) That sort of question immediately leads you to believe that there has been some form of mistreatment or abuse, and that it is carried with her, her entire life. Everyone deserves love and everyone should love. Linda wanted to be sold to a â€Å"free-born† man and marry him, but Dr. Flint would not allow it. Dr. Flint asked Linda if she loved the man and she replied yes and â€Å"he sprang upon [her] like a tiger and gave [her] a stunning blow†. (Jacobs, 394) That is the first time Dr. Flint struck her but it wouldn’t be the last. Almost every woman in this word wants to marry and have kids, just assure, it was probably the same way in Linda’s time. After a while a women’s maternal wants start to kick in and she begins to want to raise a family of her own. To have that not available as an option is crushing and is probably one of the worst form of mist reatment and abuse to Linda and other young ladies and women, in her position. Then to also be verbally abused by your mistress, by attacking your wants, and making it known that she opposes slaves having a right to any family ties of their own and that the were created merely to wait upon the family of the mistress. (Jacobs, 392) Various other slave narratives tell of similar and even worse mistreatment and abuse, so it seems as if these incidents depicted by Jacobs can also be taken at face value. There in no question without an answer in this case. The extent of the mistreatment and abuse, physical, mental and emotional is no longer in question. These acts of cruelty violence, and abuse more than likely happened the way Jacobs depicts them, and is even possible that she didn’t disclose the full extent of the abuse. There is no way that these instances were over exaggerated, they were more likely to be under exaggerated, if anything. Through various sources it is seen that events, such that are vividly recreated in Harriet Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, were very possible and similar acts were seen throughout several different slave narratives of slaves from different states. When Linda cried, â€Å"there is no shadow of law to protect her from insult, from violence, or even death† she was honestly speaking the truth and she just happened to be one of the ‘lucky’ ones that was able to make it out alive and tell her story. Bayliss, John. Black Slave Narrative. New York City: The Macmillan Company, 1970. Escott, Paul. Slavery Remembered. Charlotte: The University of North Carolina Press Chapel Hill, 1979. Garrison, Mary. Slaves Who Dared. Shippensburg: White Mane Books, 2002. Press, Arnco. Five Slave Narratives. New York: Arnco Press, 1968. Jacobs, Harriet. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Boston, 1861. 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