The Time Saving Steps To Writing Essays

The Time Saving Steps To Writing EssaysThere are a number of ways to save time and make your essay's easier to write with the help of essay samples. You can take advantage of essay samples and see how much faster you can get your essays written. By using samples you will be able to get your essay topics started on the right foot.The first step is to determine your word count for each section. It's important to set aside the amount of words that you are allowed to use when writing each section. The more words you use the longer it will take you to finish. Using samples will allow you to know what words and how many words you need to write each section.Once you have figured out the amount of words you need to use for each section, you can save yourself some time by looking at essay samples. Many of the online essay samples that are available will give you an idea of how long each section should be. If you write your essays using the sample materials, it can help you get your topics org anized and the ideas down that much quicker.The second way to save time when using essay samples is to look at sample sentences and paragraphs from magazines or newspapers. You can learn how to write a sentence by taking a look at what other people are doing. If you find sentences that can help you finish your essay, you will have an idea of how long you should spend on each paragraph.You can also learn to shorten your paragraphs if you take a look at sample essay samples. This can be used to help you get your essay topics down quickly. If you have enough sample material, you can save yourself the time of writing each paragraph. You will be able to have something to refer back to when you are struggling to come up with an effective essay topic.Taking your own essay samples into consideration can really save you time. Using a good resource will allow you to eliminate the time it takes to figure out what words are required to help you get through your essays. Many people are able to s ave themselves lots of time because they are using the resources available to them. This can help you write your essays in no time at all.By using essay samples you will be able to learn how to write an essay fast and effective. It will be easy to get your topics organized and you will be able to make your essays faster than you ever thought possible. Use the resources found online and you will be able to finish your essays quicker.

Human Resource Management - 3152 Words

Reflective Paper on Human Resource Management Cortney O’kelley BUS 303 Human Resources Management Instructor: Jeffrey Lindeman February 25, 2013 My Reflective Paper on Human Resource Management Human resources development lies at the heart of economic, social and environmental development. It is also a vital component for achieving internationally agreed sustainable development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and for expanding opportunities to all people, particularly the most vulnerable groups and individuals in society as noted by Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2012. In this report I will reflect on the human resources department and how it seems to be the storehouse for maintaining the history†¦show more content†¦Performance appraisals not only assist in determining compensation and benefits, but they are also instrumental in identifying ways to help individuals improve their current positions and prepare for future opportunities. As the structure of organizations continues to change rough downsizing or expansion he need for training and development programs continues to grow. Improving or obtaining new skills is part of another area of HRM, known as training and development. Training focuses on learning the skills, knowledge, and attitudes required to initially perform a job or task or to improve upon the performance of a current job or task, while development activities are not job related, but concentrate on broadening the employee s horizons which focuses on learning new skills, knowledge, and attitudes to be used in future work ac cording to Nadler and Wiggs, 1986. Training can be used in a variety of ways, including (1) orienting and informing employees, (2) developing desired skills, (3) preventing accidents through safety training, (4) supplying professional and technical education, and (5) providing supervisory training and executive education (Cherrington, 1995). Each of the training methods mentioned has benefits toShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1140 Words   |  5 Pagesa business efficiently? Human Resource Management (HRM). Human Resources is the solid foundation that practically oversees the entire organization, whether its managing employees to surveilling the progress of every single department. There are six principle functions that Human Resource take into account: employee relations, recruitment, compliance, compensation and benefits, training and development, and safety (policies/regulations). Over time Human Resource Management has taken a new role into Read MoreHuman Resources Management And Human Resource Management2123 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The study of human resource management becomes a major topic of the science of management at the beginning of 20th century and keeps attracting researchers’ attention (Merkle, 1980). The new models of human resource management derive from the advance of management theories and the accumulation of practices and experiences. With the development of global economy, the economic situation of each country deeply affects the world and becomes closely connected. In addition, the needs of customersRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1138 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resources Management Hilti continues to grasp on success and expand globally, but their path weren’t always well defined. The company began in 1941 and historically they’ve kept to traditional strategies when it came to recognizing human resource requirements. In the early 2000’s, the company established a new set initiatives, aimed at doubling revenue and operating profits. Hilti also recognized that this type of growth would require invigorating ideas to employ human resourcing requirementsRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Human Resources Management941 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resources Management is one of the most important aspects of any organization, whether it be non-profit, not for profit, or profit. Human Resources Management is what makes it possible for a manager to be able to focus on their work and tasks at hand and not have to deal with lots of unneeded interpersonal activities. They are in charge of correctly evaluating the candidates that the managers will have to work with for the duration of the candidate’s stay. They are responsible for makingRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management835 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resource Management â€Å"They humanize the brand and help workforce communities thrive† (Who). A human resource management position may be the job for you. Every business and enterprise has a human resource manager, including Starbucks, Disney and even Apple. This job includes planning and coordination, organization, consulting employees and to oversee the work and employees. All the schooling and stress that comes along with this occupation pays off in the end with an enjoyable job. HumanRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1398 Words   |  6 Pages Human Resource Management Overview Tanya Phillips Dr. Andrea Scott, PhD HSA 320, Strayer University October 31, 2016 Human Resources Management Overview Human resources (HR) is the different kinds of clinical and nonclinical responsibilities for public and individual health involvement. The benefits and performance the system can deliver depends upon the knowledge, skills and motivation of those responsible for providing health services. Human resource managers don’t directlyRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management2534 Words   |  11 PagesIn most cases managers look at human resource management as an expense to a company rather than a source of benefit to the company however, research has proved that human resource management practices can be of greater value. Valuable decisions such as whom to recruit, what package to offer, the training necessary for the new recruits and how to assess employee performance directly affects the employee motivation and as such do affect the ability of the employee to provide products which the consumersRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management95 8 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resource Management Overview As we all know when it comes to every business and organization that is out there, they all need help from Human Resources to continue to help the company grow. What is human resource management? Well Human Resource Management is the overall process that deals with how Human Resources manages their employees as well as different issues that can come across within the organization. Human Resource Management are in charge of different tasks including recruiting asRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management820 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resources Management Proper Planning is one of the most important aspects of human resource management. Without proper execution of plans, the particular needs of an organization that are the responsibility of human resources will not be reached, and therefore, will fall short of what is necessary for meeting the goals of an organization (DeCenzo, Robbins Verhulst 2013).There are many facets a human resource manager must be familiar with in order to run an organization. The functions of humanRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Human Resources Management1264 Words   |  6 Pagesand research with my family, I decided to go into human resource management, specifically in a hospital. Many people questioned and often said â€Å"Why human resource management?† My answer, I chose human resource managers because I believe they are a vital part of a hospitals success. They make the plans, they direct the staff and they coordinate how people work together and where they need to be. Throughout this paper , I will describe human resource managers- what they do, what are the requirements Human Resource Management - 3152 Words I- INTRODUCTION: Human Resource Management (HRM) is activities that managers engage in to attract and retain employees and to ensure that they perform at a high level and contribute to the accomplishment of organizational goals. (Quotation is from conversation between team members and Human Resource Manager of a famous chain Hotel.) For being the organization to be efficient and effective managers are responsible for acquiring, developing, protecting and utilizing the resources that organization needs. Human resource is the one of the most important resources in all organizations. And also industrial engineers are responsible for increasing the efficiency and effectiveness in production or service sector. Bà ¼yà ¼khanlà ½ Parkhotel Deluxe†¦show more content†¦The external recruitment consists of four main elements which are the standard processes that are accepted in service industry. First one is hiring standard to get the answer of what the company wants. Second is the target market to find which market the company competes in and hire employees through this. Third one is source of recruitment to find the answer of for what purpose the company wants to hire an employee and the last one is cost to find the amount of investment for searching employee. In Bà ¼yà ¼khanlà ½, there is an external recruitment system in used. Because of, it is cheaper than the internal recruitment and the other advantage is these employees have more technical and skilled. But this application has disadvantages which are ignored in generally. This is not notice on the technical and skilled part. Just low cost is important for the company. Other disadvantage is attracting, contacting and evalua ting between the employees are difficult. Also adjustment and orientation time is longer than internal recruitment. For this problem there are two alternatives; first one of them is internal recruitment, the second alternative is do not change the existing system (external recruitment). Internal recruitment is more costly than external recruitment but by the internal recruitment employees contacting, attracting, and evaluating with each other is more suitable for their duties. This suitability provides to work with the experiencedShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1140 Words   |  5 Pagesa business efficiently? Human Resource Management (HRM). Human Resources is the solid foundation that practically oversees the entire organization, whether its managing employees to surveilling the progress of every single department. There are six principle functions that Human Resource take into account: employee relations, recruitment, compliance, compensation and benefits, training and development, and safety (policies/regulations). Over time Human Resource Management has taken a new role intoRead MoreHuman Resources Management And Human Resource Management2123 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction The study of human resource management becomes a major topic of the science of management at the beginning of 20th century and keeps attracting researchers’ attention (Merkle, 1980). The new models of human resource management derive from the advance of management theories and the accumulation of practices and experiences. With the development of global economy, the economic situation of each country deeply affects the world and becomes closely connected. In addition, the needs of customersRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1138 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resources Management Hilti continues to grasp on success and expand globally, but their path weren’t always well defined. The company began in 1941 and historically they’ve kept to traditional strategies when it came to recognizing human resource requirements. In the early 2000’s, the company established a new set initiatives, aimed at doubling revenue and operating profits. Hilti also recognized that this type of growth would require invigorating ideas to employ human resourcing requirementsRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Human Resources Management941 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resources Management is one of the most important aspects of any organization, whether it be non-profit, not for profit, or profit. Human Resources Management is what makes it possible for a manager to be able to focus on their work and tasks at hand and not have to deal with lots of unneeded interpersonal activities. They are in charge of correctly evaluating the candidates that the managers will have to work with for the duration of the candidate’s stay. They are responsible for makingRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management835 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resource Management â€Å"They humanize the brand and help workforce communities thrive† (Who). A human resource management position may be the job for you. Every business and enterprise has a human resource manager, including Starbucks, Disney and even Apple. This job includes planning and coordination, organization, consulting employees and to oversee the work and employees. All the schooling and stress that comes along with this occupation pays off in the end with an enjoyable job. HumanRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management1398 Words   |  6 Pages Human Resource Management Overview Tanya Phillips Dr. Andrea Scott, PhD HSA 320, Strayer University October 31, 2016 Human Resources Management Overview Human resources (HR) is the different kinds of clinical and nonclinical responsibilities for public and individual health involvement. The benefits and performance the system can deliver depends upon the knowledge, skills and motivation of those responsible for providing health services. Human resource managers don’t directlyRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management2534 Words   |  11 PagesIn most cases managers look at human resource management as an expense to a company rather than a source of benefit to the company however, research has proved that human resource management practices can be of greater value. Valuable decisions such as whom to recruit, what package to offer, the training necessary for the new recruits and how to assess employee performance directly affects the employee motivation and as such do affect the ability of the employee to provide products which the consumersRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management95 8 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resource Management Overview As we all know when it comes to every business and organization that is out there, they all need help from Human Resources to continue to help the company grow. What is human resource management? Well Human Resource Management is the overall process that deals with how Human Resources manages their employees as well as different issues that can come across within the organization. Human Resource Management are in charge of different tasks including recruiting asRead MoreHuman Resources Management : Human Resource Management820 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Resources Management Proper Planning is one of the most important aspects of human resource management. Without proper execution of plans, the particular needs of an organization that are the responsibility of human resources will not be reached, and therefore, will fall short of what is necessary for meeting the goals of an organization (DeCenzo, Robbins Verhulst 2013).There are many facets a human resource manager must be familiar with in order to run an organization. The functions of humanRead MoreHuman Resource Management : Human Resources Management1264 Words   |  6 Pagesand research with my family, I decided to go into human resource management, specifically in a hospital. Many people questioned and often said â€Å"Why human resource management?† My answer, I chose human resource managers because I believe they are a vital part of a hospitals success. They make the plans, they direct the staff and they coordinate how people work together and where they need to be. Throughout this paper , I will describe human resource managers- what they do, what are the requirements

Advertising Strategy Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2848 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Advertising Essay Type Case study Level High school Did you like this example? Introduction Advertisements are designed to attract interest in their products or services. With an increase in the number of adverts, advertisers use a variety of means to attract attention. Some advertisers intentionally create adverts that are designed to create controversy even to go as far as they are intended to be banned after use so that they can additional free publicity and that people start talking about the adverts (Price, 2003). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Advertising Strategy Essay Online For Free" essay for you Create order Some companies do not just do this as a one off, but build a strategy around this, for example Benneton or Tango (Price, 2003). Another example is Great Frog Jewellery, whose advert states If you dont like our jewellery, fuck off! (Nixon, 2003, p. 74). Paddy Power is a nationwide bookmaker (PaddyPower, 2015). This essay will show that it produces many adverts, several of which have been controversial. The question is whether such adverts are good or bad for the company whose products or services the adverts promote. Background The market for advertising is continually growing and is expected to amount to almost $600 billion in 2015 (eMarketer, 2014). The market is oversupplied and advertisers have to had to create new adverts to get attract the potential customer (Orr, et al., 2005). One approach is to make their adverts more risquÃÆ' © using a variety of means to attract the consumers notice (Orr, et al., 2005). One such advertiser is Paddy Power. Paddy Power is a large international bookmaker, who operates via shops across the United Kingdom and beyond (PaddyPower, 2015). Paddy Power has marketed itself using adverts over the years, many of which have been controversial (The Telegraph, 2012). One example is the Paddy Power advert adapting the Last Supper by Leonardo de Vinci to show gaming in an advert in 2005 which Corcoran Share (2008) claim critics felt showed disrespect for Christians. Paddy Power Gambles with Last Supper (McLeod, 2006) Adverts such as these have been reported to the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA), which is an independent organisation who regulates advertising (ASA, 2015a). The ASA has ruled against Paddy Power on several adverts, saying that their adverts were offensive (ASA, 2012a), prejudicial (ASA, 2014a) and insensitive (ASA, 2014b). The ASA rulings are that the rulings mean the adverts cannot be reused. This is not to say that all Paddy Power adverts broke the rules. A Jack Cooper radio advert Paddy Power produced in 2012 was investigated by the ASA and they found that it did not breach the code of practice (ASA, 2012b, n.p.). In addition it should be noted that there were complaints made to the ASA regarding many other adverts from betting companies nationwide (Steen, 2014) and thus the ASA does not single out Paddy Power for its rulings. However the ASA identified that the most complaints received about an advert was an advert that made reference to the trial of Oscar Pistorius which engendered 5,525 separate complaints (ASA, 2015 ). Paddy Powers Oscar Pistorius advert, source: ASA, 2015 As a result, although Paddy Power has not been singled out by the ASA, Paddy Power has produced adverts which had generated thousands of complaints to the Advertising Standards Authority, several of which have been found to break the ASA rules and Paddy Power has been ordered to cease using these adverts. Braveheart Advert In June 2015, Paddy Power produced a new advert (the Guardian, 2015) which showed an image adapted from the 1995 film Braveheart, in which Mel Gibson directed and played the character William Wallace, according to the Internet Movie Database (imdb, 2015). The advert is shown below. Braveheart advert (the Guardian, 2015) The image in the centre shows Roy Keane, which the Mail Online identifies as the assistant manager of the Republic of Irelands National team, made to look like the character William Wallace from the film (Burrows, 2015). The text in the advert, reading You may take our points, but at least we have our freedom and followed by Ya wee pussies (the Guardian, 2015, n.p.) is a reference to the vote in Scotland in 2014 for independence, in which the side rejecting independence won the vote, which left Scotland remaining part of the United Kingdom (BBC, 2014). The advert was mounted onto a 13 metre vehicle and it was driven across Dublin on the day of the Irela nd vs Scotland match in the Aviva Stadium (Brenman, 2015). Is such controversy good for firms? As has been shown, the adverts created much publicity. There is the basic publicity that Paddy Power paid for in terms of displaying the adverts in positions where people could see them. However considerable additional publicity has been generated by the controversial nature of the adverts. Reports in the Guardian, the Telegraph, the BBC web site and other places, some of which are detailed above show that Paddy Power has gained considerable publicity for no cost. Thus their adverts have been seen by many more people. This leads to the question as to whether this additional free publicity has helped or hindered the company. Mundy (2012, p. 171) points to the advert Paddy Power cant get Tiddles back, theres nothing we can do about that, but we can get you your money back with our money-back specials (ASA, 2012c, p. 17). The ASA (2012c) received 1,089 complaints, most of which were people who claimed that the advert could encourage animal cruelty. However Mundy (2012) reports that th e result was that Paddy Power did not suffer as a result and the web site part of its business increased significantly. In this example, the controversial advert was good for Paddy Power in terms of increased turnover after the advert was released and the complaints promoted it to appear in newspapers, web sites and books. Another advert, by Sega showed gamers heading up the Mekong Delta in Vietnam, finding a lost temple and finally finding a Sega Mega Drive was claimed to cost the company half a million dollars, but from the advert and resulting publicity from the controversy, Sega received considerable value for the money spent (Pettus, et al., 2013). Clearly this is not a one-off. Gainsbury (2012) claims that there is a deliberate strategy by Paddy Power to create controversial adverts. Gainsbury (2012) goes on to say that these adverts are often seen by the younger generation and this has the potential to raise the chance of these people to gamble, especially online. Thus the re is the potential for controversial advertising to create a new generation of gamblers, who could then bet using Paddy Powers web site, again resulting in benefits for Paddy Power. Pulizzi (2014) says that one approach to marketing is for a company to entertain their customers, which helps build their brand. Bradley Blythe (2014) claim that their brand of controversial adverts generates a following which, when written included (at the time of writing) over 100,000 twitter followers and over 700,000 Facebook followers. Add this to the 14,000,000 views of Paddy Power videos on YouTube and there is clearly a long term approach to their brand which is defined by their controversial advertising giving them considerable low cost or no cost publicity (Bradley Blythe, 2014). Even the removal of a controversial advert helped Paddy Power to promote its brand (Bradley Blythe, 2014). As it was already established that Paddy Power has been publishing controversial adverts over a perio d of years, it is clearly a part of Paddy Powers strategy and not a one-off lapse. Paddy Power clearly believes that this advertising is beneficial to itself. Although the ASA rulings are often against them, if they only use each advert once, the ASA announcement that they must never use the same advert again (ASA, 2012a; ASA, 2014b) has no effect on them. It is noted that, in addition to the advertising they paid for (such as the Roy Keane banner on the truck), they also gain a huge amount of additional publicity from the newspapers and other media, who also reshow their advert with a story associated with it stating that the advert is unacceptable to some. The Google news server lists the article in the Guardian amongst 89 articles (google, 2015). Roy Keane news articles (Google News, 2015) Thus the threat of legal action from Roy Keane gained Paddy Power a large amount of additional publicity that they did not pay for. Advertising can have both a long term and short ter m impact and the value of advertising is hard to measure). The gross profit of Paddy Power during the time period in which they have been using the controversial adverts has gone from à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬455m in 2011 to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬554mm in 2012, à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬617 in 2013 to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬714m in 2014 (Redmayne Bentley, 2015). Thus their total marketing strategy is proving successful. Even when Paddy Power produced an advert that was banned from being shown on television, Paddy Power uploaded it onto YouTube and it has been viewed over 1.6 million times. Thus even when their advert is banned from TV, it can still be used. It was even posted onto the Daily Mail web site, gaining additional publicity (Mail Online, 2015). One feature of the Advertising Standards Authority is that, as a non-statutory body, it does not have the powers to fine advertisers or to take advertisers to court (ASA, 2015c), even if they are the worst advert in 2014 and have an approach that brings adver tising in general into disrepute. When complaints are launched at Paddy Power, their response is to say that the readers who complain are just taking the adverts too seriously their adverts are intended to be light hearted (Corcoran Share, 2008). Thus companies such as Paddy Power can act with impunity and are not generally punished for their adverts. At the time of writing, the ASA has just made a ruling on their latest advert which includes the phrase Just f**k off already (ASA, 2015d), which, it was complained, could cause offense. The response from Paddy Power was that it was in keeping with their other adverts. Thus it is clear that Paddy Power do not have any problems with their style of controversial adverts and it follows that Paddy Power feel the adverts must be beneficial to their company. Is such controversy bad for firms? The Gambling commission publish a Gambling Industry Code for Socially Responsible Advertising (Gambling Commission, 2007). It is clear that the advert produced and being driven round Dublin and taken to the Aviva Stadium and the other adverts could be seen by children as much as by adults. Thus there could be a claim that the adverts may encourage children to gamble. However there is no evidence to substantiate this. If Paddy Power were to be considered to be marketing to children, or other vulnerable people, there could be legal action under section 16 of the Gambling Act 2005 (Gambling Act 2005). Thus the adverts could backfire if Paddy Power were found guilty. Benetton, for example, produced controversial adverts concerning the death penalty (Ma, 2014). The result was that they were sued in Missouri, which lead to Sears cancelling their contract with Benetton which was estimated to cost Benetton $100 million. In South Africa, controversial adverts can depict nudity or the dri nking of alcohol (Dubihela Dubihela, 2011). Although the object of these adverts is to attract the attention of young adults, and this is achieved, the issue is that these adverts do not actually help the reader to remember the actual brand that is being advertised (Dubihela Dubihela, 2011). As a result much, if not all of the money that a company spends on such advertising is wasted. Van Belleghem (2012) claims that the reason for the production of a controversial advert is to produce an increase of people who talk about it. However, he identifies, this requires a clear storyline. If there is no storyline, the advert may actually generate fewer conversations. Conclusion To conclude, the controversial adverts created by Paddy Power and others was in full knowledge of what they were doing. Their controversial style of advertising works well for them when measured in terms of an ever increasing profits and bringing in new and younger gamblers may give them longer term benefits. Paddy Power regularly creates one-off controversial adverts which are immune to the ASA rulings as they have no plans to reuse the adverts, so they can get away with them. Also, with the ASA being unable to take action against them, their only disadvantage is that they may lose a low number of gamblers who object to the adverts. However there are risks. Legal action can lead to both penalties and can cost on the bottom line if the companys customers no longer purchase from them. However, with the penalties being rare and, in the UK, with the Advertising Standards Authority having limited powers, the continuance of controversial adverts shows that they are continuing to b e produced and thus Paddy Power and other companies conclude that the good points outweigh the bad points. References ASA (2012a) ASA Ruling on Paddy Power plc [online] Available from https://www.asa.org.uk/Rulings/Adjudications/2012/5/Paddy-Power-plc/SHP_ADJ_188096.aspx#.Vca9djZRHAR ASA (2012b) ASA Ruling on Paddy Power plc [online] Available from https://www.asa.org.uk/Rulings/Adjudications/2012/8/Paddy-Power-plc/SHP_ADJ_193132.aspx#.Vca2hjZRHAQ ASA (2012c) Why does advertising need to be regulated? [online] Available from https://www.asa.org.uk/~/media/Files/ASA/Adcheck/ASA-AdCheck_BQ1%20%282%29.ashx ASA (2014a) ASA withdraws Paddy Power national press advertisement [online] Available from https://www.asa.org.uk/News-resources/Media-Centre/2014/ASA-withdraws-Paddy-Power-national-press-advertisement.aspx#.Vca2hzZRHAQ ASA (2014b) ASA Ruling on Paddy Power plc [online] Available from https://www.asa.org.uk/Rulings/Adjudications/2014/3/Paddy-Power-plc/SHP_ADJ_261396.aspx#.Vca2czZRHAQ ASA (2015a) About ASA [online] Available from https://www.asa.org.uk/About-ASA.aspx ASA (2015b) 20 14s most complained about ads [online] Available from https://www.asa.org.uk/News-resources/Media-Centre/2015/2014-most-complained-about-ads.aspx#.VfDxwvTW5wY ASA (2015b) FAQs [online] Available from https://www.asa.org.uk/News-resources/FAQs.aspx ASA (2015d) ASA Ruling on Paddy Power plc [online] Available from https://www.asa.org.uk/Rulings/Adjudications/2015/9/Paddy-Power-plc/SHP_ADJ_304402.aspx#.VfD1Q_TW5wY BBC (2014) Scottish referendum: Scotland votes No to independence [online] Available from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-29270441 Bradley, N. Blythe, J. (2014) Demarketing Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge Burrows (2015) Roy Keane sues Paddy Power for using his image in an advert mocking the Scots for voting against independence that called them wee pussies [online] Available from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3156341/Roy-Keane-sues-Paddy-Power-using-image-advert-mocking-Scots-voting-against-independence-called-wee-pussies.html#ixzz3iIXp6ZPF Cannon, T. A. (2008) Ethics and Professional Responsibility for Paralegals, 5th edition [online] Frederick, Maryland: Aspen Publishers Corcoran, M. P. Share, P. (2008) Belongings: Shaping Identity in Modern Ireland Dublin: Institute of Public Administration Dubihela, J. Dubihela, D. (2011) Youth attitudes towards advertisements depicting nudity and alcohol : ethical dilemmas in advertising South African Journal of Psychology 421:2, pp 207-217 eMarketer (2014) Advertisers Will Spend Nearly $600 Billion Worldwide in 2015 [online] Available from https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Advertisers-Will-Spend-Nearly-600-Billion-Worldwide-2015/1011691 Gainsbury, S. (2012) Internet Gambling: Current Research Findings and Implications New York, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London: Springer Gambling Act 2005 [online] Available from https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/19/part/16 Gambling Commission (2007) Gambling Industry Code for Socially Responsible Advertising [online] Av ailable from https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/pdf/Industry%20code%20of%20practice%20-%20August%202007.pdf Gibeaut (1998) Professional Finger Pointing ABA Journal, April 1998, p. 89 Hahn, D., Osborne, A. Sherry, E. (2014) Satire or Send-Up? Paddy Power and Blind Football: A Case for Managing Public Relations for Disability Sport Communication Sport, January 2014 Imdb (2015) Braveheart (1995): Full Cast Crew [online] Available from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112573/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast Ma, T. (2014) Professional Marketing and Advertising Essays and Assignments no place: lulu.com Mail Online (2015) Controversial Paddy Power advert of a man tranquilising chavs [online] Available from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/video/news/video-1111886/Paddy-Power-chavs-advert-racing.html McLeod, D. (2006) Paddy Power Gambles with Last Supper [online] Available from https://theinspirationroom.com/daily/2006/paddypowers-last-supper-gamble/ Mundy (2012) You Say To mayto: Contrarian Investing in Bitesize Pieces Petersfield: Harriman House Limited Nixon, S. (2003) Advertising Cultures London, California New Delhi: Sage Publications Ltd Orr, R. S., Van Rheede Van Oudtshoorn, G.P. Kotze, T. (2005) The perceptions of consumers aged 18-30 of lesbian appeals in advertising Communicare : Journal for Communication Sciences in Southern Africa = Communicare : Tydskrif vir Kommunikasiewetenskappe in Suider-Afrika 24:1, pp. 49-68 Paddy Power (2015) About Us [online] Available from https://www.paddypower.com/bet/about-us Pettus, S., Monoz, D., Williams, K. Arroso, I. (2013) Service Games: The Rise and Fall of SEGA: Enhanced Edition no place: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform Price, J. (2003) GCSE Media Studies Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes, Ltd. Pulizzi, J. (2014) Epic Content Marketing: How to Tell a Different Story, Break Through the clutter, and win more customers by marketing less no place: McGraw-Hill Education Redmayne Bentley (2015) Paddy Power [online] Available from https://www.redmayne.co.uk/research/securitydetails/financials.htm?tkr=PAP Steen, R. (2014) Floodlights and Touchlines: A History of Spectator Sport London: Bloomsbury Publishing plc. The Guardian (2015) Roy Keane sues Paddy Power over Braveheart poster image [online] Available from https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2015/jul/10/roy-keane-sues-paddy-power-over-braveheart-poster-image/ Van Bellenghem, S. (2012) The Conversation Company: Boost Your Business Through Culture, People and Social Media London, Philadelphia New Delhi: Kogan Page Limited Williams, R. J., Wood, R. T. Parke, J. (2012) Routledge International Handbook of Internet Gambling Abingdon: Routledge Youtube (2012) Paddy Power Chav Tranquilizer [online] Available from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvq-uO-XgjM

Uncertainty In The Hamlets Story - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 913 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/08 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Hamlet Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? Literary composers often employ different tools to emphasize on their primary purposes. Writers often use the tools to meet their requirements and make a play appear dramatic or tragic. William Shakespeares play, Hamlet, is one of the most prominent works of its time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Uncertainty In The Hamlets Story" essay for you Create order Similar to its pioneers, the play is a tragedy that follows drama in the kingdom of Denmark. The main characters have constant conflict with themselves and one another. Shakespeare uses certain aspects of uncertainty to emphasize on the traits of his characters. Furthermore, the context of the story also introduces drama and suspense throughout the play until the tragic end. Although the play is full of tension, the end surprises the reader. Correctly, the writer uses the context, the ambiance, and the events to create uncertainty and magnify the behaviors of primary characters. The play follows the kingdom of Denmark at its peak of confusion since the king is deceased. Apparently, the kings brother, Claudius, marries his brothers wife, Gertrude moments after the death of the king. Therefore, when the prince returns to his home country, he is appalled by the events since he concludes that Claudius and Gertrude colluded to kill his father. Thus, he embarks on a mission to avenge his fathers death. A notable incident occurs at the initial act whereby the prince, Hamlet, sees a ghost of his father (Shakespeare 30). The ghost fuels the vengeance plot, and the prince tries to investigate the murder to affirm his suspicion. In the end, all characters in the play suffer a series of deaths due to the initial plan.The play is set at a time when the social and family constraints in the story create uncertainty; hence, characteristics of main actors are revealed. Main characters in the story include Hamlet, Gertrude, and Claudius. The context of this story is Denmark after the death of the beloved king, Hamlets father. Aside from the mysterious death of the king, the people are forced to embrace another leader before they can moan the previous ones. The people have lost a popular king, and his brother interrupts the lineage when he takes over the leadership, yet the kings son is still alive. At the time, the kings killer is unknown, and the people are afraid. The context shows that Hamlet is a defender and is passionate about avenging his fathers death. On the contrary, Gertrude and Claudius appear as insensitive individuals, greedy, and murderers of the king. The two marry moments after the king dies, which makes them suspects for the murder. In brief, the context creates tension and uncertainty in the play; therefore, it highlights the characteristics of Hamlet, Gertrude, and Claudius. The ambiance of the play also introduces uncertainty in the play and emphasizes the characteristics of the main characters. The mood of the play indicates tension within the family, individuals, and the social setting. Events and circumstances in the story create tension among the characters; for example, Gertrudes marriage to her husbands brother introduces awkwardness in the story. In this case, the servants and the public are expected to respect the royal family, but the marriage raises suspicions among people. Therefore, the reader is uncertain whethe r the two had an affair and killed the king or he died under different circumstances. Hamlets reaction to the marriage indicates that he is skeptical about women including Ophelia (Shakespeare 59). The mood of the play shows Hamlets judgmental character when he confronts his mother about the marriage. Gertrude and her new husband appear inconsiderate and insensitive as they wed immediately after the death of the king. Markedly, the ambiance of the story is grim, and it emphasizes the uncertainty and characteristics of Hamlet, Gertrude, and Claudius.Besides the ambiance, the plot emphasizes uncertainty and characteristics of Hamlet, Gertrude, and Claudius. As the story begins, the prince feels depressed and commits a series of heinous acts. The prince says that the ghost of the king encourages him to avenge the death. In the story, the prince questions the credibility of the ghost when he fails to gather enough evidence on the matter. As the plot unfolds, Shakespeare introduces a play within a play, and the kings reaction confirms the princes suspicions. Claudiuss manipulations make Ophelias brother seek vengeance for his fathers death; in this regard, all major characters die. The plot introduces uncertainty through the odd occurrences. At the same time, the writer uses the uncertainty from the plot to portray Hamlet as a patient and cunning individual. Shakespeare also uses the plot to introduce uncertainty that portrays Claudius as a killer. Shakespeare uses the plot, ambiance, and the context to introduce uncertainty and emphasize on the characteristics of the three main characters, namely Hamlet, Gertrude, and Claudius. The context is a kingdom where the king has died, and no one knows the cause of his death. Such an uncertain setting portrays Hamlet as a passionate individual while the new king and queen appear greedy and potential killers. Next, the author uses ambiance to introduce uncertainty while the prince appears judgemental, the new rulers appear insensitive and inconsiderate. Lastly, the plot appears unpredictable and confusing since matters escalate fast. In this regard, Hamlet appears patient and cunning since he plans his fathers vengeance while he deceives the other characters. The new rulers appear to have conspired to kill the king. Markedly, Shakespeare uses the three elements to maintain uncertainty in the story, and emphasize on the traits of Hamlet, the new king, and queen.

William Shakespeare And Domestic Violence .During High

William Shakespeare and Domestic Violence During high school, students will tend to read multiple plays written by William Shakespeare in school. In fact, part of the English Language Arts (ELA) Standards set by Common Core included William Shakespeare’s plays. For ninth and tenth grade students, standard CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.9-10.9 expected them to be able to examine how an author draws on and transforms source materials in a specific work (Common Core State Standards, 2017). The examples given included how an author draws on a play written by Shakespeare and how Shakespeare treats a theme or topic from Ovid or the Bible (Common Core State Standards, 2017). In regards to high school students in the eleventh and twelfth grade,†¦show more content†¦Othello was lead to believe that Desdemona was having an affair with Lieutenant Cassio (Shepherd, 2016). As a result, he called her a whore, a commoner, a strumpet and a devil in Act 4 Scene 2 (Shepherd, 2016). According to Smith and Segal (2017), yelling, name-calling, blaming, and shaming were forms of verbal abuse. Verbal abuse was also a part of emotional abuse (Smith Segal, 2017). Domestic abuse often intensified from threats and verbal abuse to physical violence (Smith Segal, 2017). In Act 4 Scene 1 Othello publicly hit Desdemona (Shepherd, 2016; Nadelhaft, 1984). Although Desdemona knew she did nothing to make Othello hit her, she followed his orders and left the room to no longer offend him (Nadelhaft, 1984). Nadelhaft (1984) described Desdemona as meek, passive, docile, tender, and self-loathing (para. 2). Nadelhaft (1984) felt these characteristics to be common among women who have been victims of domestic violence (para. 2). In multiple scenes Othello threatened to hurt and kill Desdemona (Shepherd, 2016). For example, in Act 3 Scene 3 Othello told Iago that he would tear Desdemona to pieces (Shepherd, 2016). In Act 4 Scene 1 Othello told Iago that he would chop her into pieces (Shepherd, 2016). Near the end of the play Othello did kill Desdemona. Othello killed Desdemona in Act 5 Scene 2 by suffocating her with pillows in their bedroom (Shepherd, 2016).Show MoreRelated Taming of the Shrew: Male Domination Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesTaming of the Shrew: Male Domination The Taming of the Shrew, by William Shakespeare, deals with marriage. The ideas explored are primarily shown through the characters of Petruchio and Katharina. We are introduced to the trials and tribulations which present themselves in their everyday lives. The characters bring up a traditional concept of male domination. Through the play we see the need for domination through Petruchio, and the methods he uses to dominate. 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This is shown from the beginning in Act One with the scene among Hortensio and Gremio and her. When Gremio proclaims her too rough Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet And The Merchant Of Venice3013 Words   |  13 PagesShakespeare Confronting 16th/17th Century Gender Norms William Shakespeare was a poet, playwright, and actor, and is often regarded as one of the best writers to have ever lived. He is considered to be the English national poet. He wrote 37 plays and 154 sonnets during the late 16th and early 17th century. During this time period, England had an absolute patriarchal society, where males dominated all aspects of life. Women had very few rights and were treated very poorly. 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The Bible discusses homosexual practices that took place in Sodom and Gomo rrah. Some of the most influential people throughout history have been discovered to be homosexual: Susan B. Anthony, William Shakespeare, Leonardo Da Vinci and Tennessee Williams. Homosexuality is worldwide. It knows no boundaries or cultures and has had a global impact on society. The homosexual society has their own international flag, a rainbow that signifies the bond between different peopleRead MoreElizabethan Era11072 Words   |  45 PagesI (1558–1603) and is often considered to be a golden age in English history. It was an age considered to be the height of the English Renaissance, and saw the full flowering of English literature and English poetry. In Elizabethan theater, William Shakespeare, among others, composed and staged plays in a variety of settings that broke away from Englands past style of plays. It was an age of expansion and exploration abroad, while at home the Protestant Reformation was established and successfully

The History Of Intravenous Anaesthesia - 1202 Words

THE HISTORY OF INTRAVENOUS ANAESTHESIA General anaesthesia is needed for certain surgical procedures, which cannot be performed under regional or local anaesthesia, and can be performed either by inhalation volatile anaesthetics or injectable of non-volatile anaesthetics methods (Hall and Clark 1991). Historically, injectable or intravenous agents regarded as being particularly useful for either the induction of anaesthesia to be continued by an inhalation technique or for anaesthesia of short duration. Inhalation anaesthesia is one of the most suitable techniques to induced anaesthesia, WTG Morton performed the first recorded of inhalation anaesthesia by ether at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1846 (Lee 1996). On the other hand, Intravenous anaesthesia is the most common phase for injection method which is first successful recorded for intravenous injection was in 1656 by Sir Christopher when he administrated opium into the blood circulation of dogs, it has been used to induce and maintenance of general anaesthesia (Glass et al. 1991). They are now increasingly used as alternatives to inhalation anaesthetic agents when prolonged periods of anaesthesia are desired. INTRAVENOUS ANAESTHESIA Is the most common phase for injection method which back to the mid XVII Century with Sir Christopher Wren in 1656 when he used a syringe consists of a dog’s blabber and a needle formed from a goose quill. This method facilitate to administrated opium into the blood circulation ofShow MoreRelatedPearl Harbor Of American History1092 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Significance of Pearl Harbor in American History† The surprise attack of the Japanese forces was devastating to the American population. 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Domestic Violence Loopholes in the Arizona Legal System

The United States has a long history of domestic violence. Nearly six million American women will be battered by their spouses every year (United Way, 1998). Tradition gives men the right to control their family including their wife. Violence is tolerated under these traditional conditions as discipline (Cohen, 1996). Domestic violence is overwhelmingly committed by men .. to discipline and coerce women (Cohen, 1996). Husbands use violence against their wives as a way of coercing them, establishing control, and conveying rules to regulate proper female behavior (Dobash Dobash, 1977-1978). This type of abusive behavior often comes from the ideology that women are subordinate to men (Cohen, 1996). This way of thinking†¦show more content†¦A possible solution would be to pass bills that apply to same sex couples, but that is not likely to happen is Arizona any time soon. A separate bill on the matter [of same sex couples] died without a hearing (Wabnik, 1998). As Ariz ona domestic violence laws stand, same sex couples will continue to fall through the cracks. Along with same sex couples, couples who live together but are not married fall through the same cracks in the laws. If a man and woman are living together but not married and abuse takes place the man is not liable under the current domestic violence laws (Wabnik, 1998). The laws also do not apply to men abusing their girlfriends; in these cases only assault laws apply. It is more difficult to get legal help like orders of protection or stiffer sentances for convictions when a charge falls under assault. Roberta Moore from the Oasis Center at the University of Arizona says that this causes a real problem for these women. If the act isnt classified as domestic violence then the victimized women cant receive the same help at the shelters, financial help for medical bills, or other kinds of aid that is offered to married women of such crimes from the state. However, there are some services that are accessable. These women are left with limited aid and much in the way of pain and suffering. Another loophole in the law is the actual definition of domestic violence. Defense attorney MichaelShow MoreRelatedGun Review3093 Words   |  13 PagesAn Updated Background Check System Will Help Prevent Gun Violence Guns and Crime, 2012 Formed in 2006, Mayors Against Illegal Guns is a coalition of over 550 mayors who support reforms to fight illegal gun trafficking and gun violence in the United States, while still respecting the Second Amendment. The background check system designed by Congress in 1993 to prohibit dangerous people from purchasing guns is not working effectively. But with the enforcement of critical new regulations, the NationalRead MoreGun Laws And Practices Regulate Gun Control2721 Words   |  11 Pagesnot want to violate their Second Amendment rights, but we have to stop them from hurting people and bringing chaos. We also need to create programs and laws for guns that are already in circulation in our country, period. Our cities are full of legal guns that are killing us and our kids. I am proposing programs and laws so we can get a better handle on the guns on our streets. And this way, we can get more guns away from disturbed people, so they will not do any more harm. Now, I believe in ourRead MoreBanning Assault Weapons Essay6739 Words   |  27 Pagesfrom a federal firearms licensed dealer even though he was given an other-than-honorable discharge from the army and pled guilty to a misdemeanor charge of criminal mischief in 1994. Federal law does not keep people with misdemeanors other than domestic violence or who have been discharged from the military for reasons other than dishonorably from purchasing firearms (Citizen Crime 3). The last most recent example happened on July 20, 2012 at the midnight premiere screening of Batman: The Dark KnightRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCosts 6.4 Activity duration estimates (.3) 6.4.2 Estimating tools (.1.3.4) 6.3.1 Identifying resources 7.1 Activity cost estimates (.2.3.4.5) 5.1.2.4 Delphi method Chapter 6 10.5.3 Cost/schedule system (.1) 6.6 .2.1 Time performance 7.2.3.1 Cost baseline development 7.3.2.1 Earned value system (F.4) 7.3.2.4 E.V., performance status report 7.3.2.2 E.V., forecasts 7.3.2.3 EV., to complete index (EAC) 7.3.2.5 Schedule and cost variance Developing a Project Plan 4.2.2 Planning tools 6.2 Sequence

Eyes Of The Dragon Essay Example For Students

Eyes Of The Dragon Essay The theme of the book, The Eyes of the Dragon, by Stephen King, is to stick toones beliefs no matter what happens and always do what one knows is right. Dont give up on oneself; anything is possible. King Roland was the noble kingof Delain. He was known as Roland the Good. He was, by far, not a bad king,though he was really not a great king. He meant no harm and was successful, butwhenever he meant to do great things, he seemed to be unsuccessful. Roland, kingof Delain, had two sons and had done his best to raise them without a wife. Peter, the oldest, was much like his father. He was successful at avoiding harmof the kingdom. In addition, he seemed to be more successful at the great thingshe attempted. Even as a little boy, Peter was loved by the kingdom, and manywere looking forward to his reign as king. When Peter was merely a boy, he stoodup against grown men for what he believed in. This was why the kingdom loved andappreciated him. In one instance, Peter was passing through the stableyard whenhe saw a lame horse about to be killed. Peter commanded Yosef, the palacefixture, to stop. After arguing, Peter managed to convince Yosef to give Peterone hour to find a veterinarian. Peter was to prove to Yosef that this horsewould not die if taken care of. Just short of an hour later, Peter and theveterinarian returned. The veterinarian listened closely and agreed with Peter. The horse would never be a working horse again, but it would certainly make agreat pet for Peter. This was only the beginning of Peters wisdom and only ahint of the respect he would soon earn. Thomas was a little different. He wasvery quiet, so no one was really sure of him. He did mysterious things. Thecitizens of Delain were glad Thomas was the younger son, for no one wantedThomas as king. Anyone who attempted to, could befriend Thomas and earn hiscomplete reliance. This great weakness caused the downfall of Delain. Roland hadbecome dependent on his magician, Flagg. Roland was a good man, but he wasntclever. It was not known, but Flagg had come and gone many times through out theyears. He had come and gone with one uncompleted goal. It was fortunate forDelain that Flagg tended to be unsuccessful with his plans. Roland the Good wasgetting old, and it was widely known that he would soon be leaving the crown toPeter. Disappointing news as it was, many strongly believed Peter was going todo great things throughout his reign. Peter soon grew up, and though he knewwhat was coming to him upon his fathers death, Peter still wished his fathermany years to come. It had become tradition for Peter to take two glasses ofwince to his fathers room before retiring. Each man, glass in hand, sattogether simply enjoying the company. This, among other things, made Thomasunhappy and extremely jealous. Thomas believed that he had no family to love. Hehad taken the blame for his mothers death and believed his father and brotherhad also placed the blame on him. It was probably because of this that Thomashad no friends, no confidence, and barely a will to live. Flagg, the brilliantmagician that he was, used Thomas weakness to his advantage. Flagg hadattempted many times to destroy Delain. He waited year after year and finallyhis chance arose. He hadnt completely worked out the details, but he knewthings would work out for him. Thomas and Flagg became quite close. Flagg knewhe would f inally complete his lifes work, and Thomas would put his entire soulinto getting what he had always wanted, a friend. Thomas confided his everythough with Flagg, and Flagg showed great sincerity. Flagg knew all the secretsof the castle because of his coming and going throughout the centuries. Throughthe eyes of Niner, a dragon Roland had killed, there were peeping holes. Througha back hallway, one could find the hidden passage way that led to the peepholes. Flagg told Thomas of this, and it had meant a lot to Thomas. This was tobecome Flaggs big mistake. One day, an ingenious plan came to Flagg. Themagician used a special poison he had saved for centuries just for the occasion. Homeless EssayAfter spending all that time in the Needle, Peter had uncovered the truth aboutFlagg. On the way to the castle, Peter explained to his friends how Flagg hadbeen trying to destroy Delain for centuries and he explained his plan. Peter hadto reach his fathers bow and arrow used to kill Niner, because it was the onlyidea he had to destroy Flagg. The heroic trio reached Rolands chambers and thebow and arrow were gone. Flagg, who had been fresh on their trail the entireway, reached the chamber almost immediately after them and was pounding on thedoor. Ben and Naomi had their weapons drawn and ready, though Peter knew thesewouldnt stand a chance against the wizard. Flagg was never one to rush intothings and make hasty decisions, so once inside the door, they all talked. Flaggexpressed his guilt for the murder of Roland, vowing to kill all he had justconfessed to. Peter told Flagg he would never get away with it, and Flaggsreply was simply a smile. After a few moments of sile nce, Flagg told them thatno one had seen him enter Rolands room that night, only Peter was seen enteringthe room. At this, Thomas, who had been hiding in the shadows, spoke up. Thomastold everyone that he had been watching that night through the eyes of Niner andwith his father bow, show Flagg in the left eye. After being hit, Flaggdisappeared. This was quite an ending to quite a book. Most of the villagers hadbelieved strongly in Peter, but gave up on him too quickly when accused. Threecharacters persuade the truth and did what they knew was right. It was becauseof them, this book had a happy ending.

Financial Planning Report to Mark and Susan Saunders

Question: Discuss about the Financial Planning Report to Mark and Susan Saunders. Answer: Introduction Mark and Susan are 45 years of age with 3 teenaged children. Currently, Mark is a business man and Susan is a salaried employee ( teacher in a secondary school ). They have parked their surplus cash in assets worth $ 1.72 mn like their family home, car, Australian shares and risk free investments like term deposit and savings. This also includes the business assets of Mark i.e. van, office, plant and machinery of $ 410 k. They also individually have a super annuation corpus where in the case of Susan the employer contributes 9.5 % of salary. The super annuation corpus combined is $ 170k which includes $ 60 k of Mark in two funds namely S M SMSF and AMP Super Fund which invested across shares, cash and is invested in cash, property, fixed managed fund and shares. Susan super fund across the S M SMSF and Australian Catholic Super fund of $ 110, 000 is invested across Australian shares, inter shares, property, fixed interest and cash. The liabilities of the couple aggregate $ 400 k an d include loans on mortgage and car. Mark and Susan will retire in the next 15 years and they are seeking our advice to analyse their current and future financial situation based on the information we have gathered and provide some suggestions for improving their long term wealth. We have been appraised that both Susan and Mark will continue their current engagement of teaching and business respectively until they retire at the age of 60 i.e. after 15 years. There is an assumption that the couple would like to retire their liabilities as soon as possible and just keep a cash balance of $ 10, 000 in their bank account until the loans are prepaid. Hence the analyses is done on the basis of Assuming loans are prepaid out of surplus cash generation subject to a minimum of $ 10, 000 every year AND Assuming the loans are paid out in the normal course of 15 years. ( the backup that the loan is for 15 years is given below during the analyses ) Analyses Assuming no Prepayment of Loan Initially, let us understand the liabilities and the annual payout commitments of Susan and Mark. The couple has a mortgage loan of $ 390 k and a car loan of $ 10 k aggregating $ 400 k. The rate of interest is 5.5 % flexi and the tenure is 15 years. Hence the annual equivalent installment of $ 39, 500 to 39, 850. The payment schedule of the loan is attached below. Home Loan Car Loan 15 years Year EAI Principal Interest Principal paid 2, 015 39, 500 400, 000 2, 016 382, 150 22, 000 17, 850 2, 017 363, 318 21, 018 18, 832 2, 018 343, 450 19, 982 19, 868 2, 019 322, 490 18, 890 20, 960 2, 020 300, 376 17, 737 22, 113 2, 021 278, 263 16, 521 22, 113 2, 022 256, 150 15, 304 22, 113 2, 023 230, 388 14, 088 25, 762 2, 024 203, 209 12, 671 27, 179 2, 025 174, 535 11, 176 28, 674 2, 026 144, 284 9, 599 30, 251 2, 027 112, 369 7, 936 31, 915 2, 028 78, 699 6, 180 33, 670 2, 029 43, 178 4, 328 35, 522 2, 030 5, 702 2, 375 37, 475 As it can be seen from the table, the loan will be paid over 15 years at current EAI of $ 39, 500 The cash flow statement in that case assumes an accumulation of surplus money in the bank account in savings account which does not pay any interest. This will be a foolish strategy since there is a negative arbitrage of 5.5 %. The cash flow for the next 5 years ended June 2015, June 2016, June 2017, June 2018 and June 2019 are appended below ( works, H. ( 2016 ) ). ( Wikipedia. ( 2016 ) ) Cash Flow Statement Year ended June 30 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Cash Inflow Interest on savings account $ - - - - - Interest on Term deposit $ 1, 000 1, 250 1, 500 1, 750 2, 000 Dividend from Bank shares $ 4, 000 6, 000 6, 360 6, 742 7, 146 Salary and Business Income $ 157, 000 161, 710 166, 561 171, 558 176, 705 Mark $ 125, 000 128, 750 132, 613 136, 591 140, 689 Susan $ 32, 000 32, 960 33, 949 34, 967 36, 016 Total Cash Inflow $ 162, 000 168, 960 174, 421 180, 050 185, 851 Cash Outflow Mortgage and car loan $ 39, 500 39, 500 39, 500 39, 500 39, 500 Work expenses $ 700 721 743 765 788 Mark $ - - - - - Susan $ 700 721 743 765 788 Investment in Term deposit $ 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 Pre Payment of Loan $ Living expenses $ 60, 000 61, 800 63, 654 65, 564 67, 531 Tax $ 41, 790 44, 477 46, 437 48, 464 50, 563 Total Cash Outflow $ 141, 990 146, 498 150, 333 154, 293 158, 381 Cash accrual $ 20, 010 22, 462 24, 088 25, 757 27, 470 Opening savings Bank $ 35, 000 55, 010 77, 472 101, 560 127, 317 Closing Savings Bank $ 55, 010 77, 472 101, 560 127, 317 154, 787 The closing savings bank balance will be $ 155 k. Assuming Prepayment of Loan Assuming that all surplus cash greater than $ 10, 000 will be used to prepay the loan, the loan schedule looks like this Home Loan Car Loan 15 years Year EAI Principal Interest Principal paid 2, 015 39, 500 400, 000 2, 016 337, 140 22, 000 62, 860 2, 017 294, 505 18, 543 42, 635 2, 018 248, 334 16, 198 46, 171 2, 019 198, 524 13, 658 49, 810 2, 020 144, 788 10, 919 53, 735 2, 021 91, 053 7, 963 53, 735 2, 022 37, 318 5, 008 53, 735 2, 023 ( 480 ) 2, 052 37, 798 The loan is completely repaid in the next 7 years i.e. by 2023. This strategy is prudent since the payout of the money is not towards interest for 15 years. Interest is saved since the principal payment is accelerated in 7 years instead of paying the loan over 15 years. The minimum savings balance of $ 10, 000 is also maintained. In future, this strategy and the calculations based on this will be used to arrive at the retirement corpus The cash flow statement for the 5 years ended June 2015, June 2016, June 2017, June 2018 and June 2019 are appended below Cash Flow Statement Year ended June 30 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Cash Inflow Interest on savings account $ - - - - - Interest on Term deposit $ 1, 000 1, 250 1, 500 1, 750 2, 000 Dividend from Bank shares $ 4, 000 6, 000 6, 360 6, 742 7, 146 Salary and Business Income $ 157, 000 161, 710 166, 561 171, 558 176, 705 Mark $ 125, 000 128, 750 132, 613 136, 591 140, 689 Susan $ 32, 000 32, 960 33, 949 34, 967 36, 016 Total Cash Inflow $ 162, 000 168, 960 174, 421 180, 050 185, 851 Cash Outflow Mortgage and car loan $ 39, 500 39, 500 39, 500 39, 500 39, 500 Work expenses $ 700 721 743 765 788 Mark $ - - - - - Susan $ 700 721 743 765 788 Investment in Term deposit $ 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 Pre Payment of Loan $ 45, 010 21, 327 22, 519 23, 618 24, 804 Living expenses $ 60, 000 61, 800 63, 654 65, 564 67, 531 Tax $ 41, 790 45, 612 48, 006 50, 510 53, 130 Total Cash Outflow $ 187, 000 168, 960 174, 421 179, 956 185, 752 Cash accrual $ ( 25, 000 ) - - 94 99 Opening savings Bank $ 35, 000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 094 Closing Savings Bank $ 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 094 10, 193 As can be seen in the table, the bank balance is kept at the minimum of $ 10, 000 and the remaining amount is used to prepay the loan obligations. The balance sheet of the couple for the 3 years ended below Balance Sheet Year ended June 30 2015 2016 2017 Assets Family Home $ 850, 000 850, 000 850, 000 Plant in Business $ 80, 000 82, 400 84, 872 Car $ 25, 000 25, 000 25, 000 Office in Business $ 320, 000 320, 000 320, 000 House Contents $ 100, 000 103, 000 106, 090 Australian shares $ 100, 000 106, 000 112, 360 Van in Business $ 10, 000 10, 000 9, 999 Term deposit $ 40, 000 50, 000 60, 000 Combined Super Fund $ 194, 555 207, 965 222, 188 Total Assets $ 1, 719, 555 1, 754, 364 1, 790, 509 Liabilities Loans $ 400, 000 337, 140 294, 505 Capital $ 1, 319, 555 1, 417, 224 1, 496, 004 Total Liabilities 1, 719, 555 1, 754, 364 1, 790, 509 The term deposit is increasing by $ 10 k per annum. The loan reflects the amount outstanding at the end of every year. The tax calculation matrix for computing the tax for the next 5 years is as under Income and Expenses 2015 2016 2017 2, 018 2, 019 Interest on savings account $ - - - - - Interest on Term deposit $ 1, 000 1, 250 1, 500 1, 750 2, 000 Interest on Mortgage $ ( 22, 000 ) ( 16, 198 ) ( 13, 658 ) ( 10, 919 ) ( 7, 963 ) Dividend from Bank shares $ 4, 000 6, 000 6, 360 6, 742 7, 146 Salary and Business Income $ 157, 000 161, 710 166, 561 171, 558 176, 705 - $ - - - Work expenses $ ( 700 ) ( 721 ) ( 743 ) ( 765 ) ( 788 ) Taxable Income - 139, 300 152, 041 160, 020 168, 366 177, 100 Tax $ 41, 790 45, 612 48, 006 50, 510 53, 130 Ato.gov.au. ( 2016 ). This is taken into the cash flow workings presented earlier. All expenses are increasing by CPI and income is increasing as per the rates mentioned in the question set The cash outflow mix indicates that 36 - 40 %of their spend is on fulfilling loan obligation while 32 - 37 % is on living expenses. Tax accounts for the rest. ( Taxpayer.com.au. ( 2016 ) ). Analysis of Cash outflows 2, 015 2, 016 2, 017 Mortgage and car loan 21 % 23 % 23 % Living expenses 32 % 37 % 36 % Prepayment of Loan 24 % 13 % 13 % Tax 22 % 27 % 28 % Total 100 % 100 % 100 % The super annuation analysis is tabulated below Super Fund of Mark Mark has invested money In S M SMSH and AMP Super Fund. Based on the return %, his weighted average return in super fund is 6.53 %. The closing balance also includes the proceeds from sale of his business assets. The table below gives the running balance of his super till retirement in the next 15 years Super Fund - Mark 6.53 % Year ( June 30 ) Age Income Opening Super Bal Emp cont 15 % Cont Tax Net earnings Closing Super Bal 2, 015 45 125, 000 60, 000 - - 3, 920 63, 920 2, 016 46 128, 750 63, 920 - - 4, 176 68, 096 2, 017 47 132, 613 68, 096 - - 4, 449 72, 545 2, 018 48 136, 591 72, 545 - - 4, 740 77, 285 2, 019 49 140, 689 77, 285 - - 5, 049 82, 334 2, 020 50 144, 909 82, 334 - - 5, 379 87, 713 2, 021 51 149, 257 87, 713 - - 5, 731 93, 444 2, 022 52 153, 734 93, 444 - - 6, 105 99, 549 2, 023 53 158, 346 99, 549 - - 6, 504 106, 052 2, 024 54 163, 097 106, 052 - - 6, 929 112, 981 2, 025 55 167, 990 112, 981 - - 7, 381 120, 363 2, 026 56 173, 029 120, 363 - - 7, 864 128, 226 2, 027 57 178, 220 128, 226 - - 8, 377 136, 604 2, 028 58 183, 567 136, 604 - - 8, 925 145, 529 2, 029 59 189, 074 145, 529 - - 9, 508 155, 037 2, 030 60 194, 746 155, 037 - - 10, 129 825, 166 The balance at 2030 is $ 825 k. Super Fund of Susan Super Fund - Susan 4.92 % Year ( June 30 ) Age Salary Opening Super Bal Emp cont 15 % Cont Tax Net earnings Closing Super Bal 2, 015 45 32, 000 110, 000 3, 040 456 5, 410 117, 994 2, 016 46 32, 960 117, 994 3, 131 470 5, 803 126, 459 2, 017 47 33, 949 126, 459 3, 225 484 6, 219 135, 420 2, 018 48 34, 967 135, 420 3, 322 498 6, 660 144, 903 2, 019 49 36, 016 144, 903 3, 422 513 7, 127 154, 938 2, 020 50 37, 097 154, 938 3, 524 529 7, 620 165, 554 2, 021 51 38, 210 165, 554 3, 630 544 8, 142 176, 782 2, 022 52 39, 356 176, 782 3, 739 561 8, 694 188, 654 2, 023 53 40, 537 188, 654 3, 851 578 9, 278 201, 206 2, 024 54 41, 753 201, 206 3, 967 595 9, 896 214, 473 2, 025 55 43, 005 214, 473 4, 086 613 10, 548 228, 494 2, 026 56 44, 295 228, 494 4, 208 631 11, 238 243, 308 2, 027 57 45, 624 243, 308 4, 334 650 11, 966 258, 959 2, 028 58 46, 993 258, 959 4, 464 670 12, 736 275, 490 2, 029 59 48, 403 275, 490 4, 598 690 13, 549 292, 947 2, 030 60 49, 855 292, 947 4, 736 710 14, 408 311, 381 The balance at 2030 is $ 311 k. This includes contribution from employer as well and a weighted average return of 4.92 % based on the amount invested in Australian Catholic and S M SMSH fund Combined Super Fund The combined superannuation balance and real income calculations are tabulated below. Real income is calculated based on purchasing power of a $ using the CPI of 3 % growth yoy. Year Combined Super Bal Purchasing Power % Real Income 2, 016 194, 555 97.1 188, 888 2, 017 207, 965 94.3 196, 027 2, 018 222, 188 91.5 203, 333 2, 019 237, 272 88.8 210, 813 2, 020 253, 267 86.3 218, 470 2, 021 270, 225 83.7 226, 309 2, 022 288, 203 81.3 234, 335 2, 023 307, 258 78.9 242, 552 2, 024 327, 454 76.6 250, 966 2, 025 348, 856 74.4 259, 582 2, 026 371, 535 72.2 268, 405 2, 027 395, 563 70.1 277, 440 2, 028 421, 018 68.1 286, 693 2, 029 447, 984 66.1 296, 170 2, 030 1, 136, 546 64.2 729, 506 Based on the real income requirement of $ 60, 000 pa for the couple at the time of retirement and after, the retirement fund will last for 20 years as tabulated below Year ( June 30 ) Age Opening Super Bal Pension withdrawal Pension withdrawal ( real basis ) Net earnings Closing Super Balance 2, 031 61 729, 506 60, 000 60, 000 40, 123 709, 629 2, 032 62 709, 629 60, 000 60, 000 39, 030 688, 658 2, 033 63 688, 658 60, 000 60, 000 37, 876 666, 534 2, 034 64 666, 534 60, 000 60, 000 36, 659 643, 194 2, 035 65 643, 194 60, 000 60, 000 35, 376 618, 569 2, 036 66 618, 569 60, 000 60, 000 34, 021 592, 591 2, 037 67 592, 591 60, 000 60, 000 32, 592 565, 183 2, 038 68 565, 183 60, 000 60, 000 31, 085 536, 268 2, 039 69 536, 268 60, 000 60, 000 29, 495 505, 763 2, 040 70 505, 763 60, 000 60, 000 27, 817 473, 580 2, 041 71 473, 580 60, 000 60, 000 26, 047 439, 627 2, 042 72 439, 627 60, 000 60, 000 24, 179 403, 806 2, 043 73 403, 806 60, 000 60, 000 22, 209 366, 016 2, 044 74 366, 016 60, 000 60, 000 20, 131 326, 147 2, 045 75 326, 147 60, 000 60, 000 17, 938 284, 085 2, 046 76 284, 085 60, 000 60, 000 15, 625 239, 709 2, 047 77 239, 709 60, 000 60, 000 13, 184 192, 893 2, 048 78 192, 893 60, 000 60, 000 10, 609 143, 503 2, 049 79 143, 503 60, 000 60, 000 7, 893 91, 395 2, 050 80 91, 395 60, 000 60, 000 5, 027 36, 422 2, 051 81 36, 422 60, 000 60, 000 2, 003 ( 21, 575 ) In case the real income of $ 60, 000 also undergoes the CPI, the purchasing power drops and hence the number of years when the retirement lasts comes down to 15 years when their age is 75 years as tabulated below Year ( June 30 ) Age Opening Super Bal Pension withdrawal Pension withdrawal ( real basis ) Net earnings Closing Super Balance 2, 031 61 729, 506 61, 800 60, 000 40, 123 707, 829 2, 032 62 707, 829 63, 654 60, 000 38, 931 683, 105 2, 033 63 683, 105 65, 564 60, 000 37, 571 655, 112 2, 034 64 655, 112 67, 531 60, 000 36, 031 623, 613 2, 035 65 623, 613 69, 556 60, 000 34, 299 588, 355 2, 036 66 588, 355 71, 643 60, 000 32, 360 549, 072 2, 037 67 549, 072 73, 792 60, 000 30, 199 505, 478 2, 038 68 505, 478 76, 006 60, 000 27, 801 457, 273 2, 039 69 457, 273 78, 286 60, 000 25, 150 404, 137 2, 040 70 404, 137 80, 635 60, 000 22, 228 345, 729 2, 041 71 345, 729 83, 054 60, 000 19, 015 281, 691 2, 042 72 281, 691 85, 546 60, 000 15, 493 211, 638 2, 043 73 211, 638 88, 112 60, 000 11, 640 135, 166 2, 044 74 135, 166 90, 755 60, 000 7, 434 51, 845 2, 045 75 51, 845 93, 478 60, 000 2, 851 ( 38, 782 ) ( Investopedia. ( 2003 ) ) As the couple indicated, inflation is an important factor which eats into the retirement real pension income. With the corpus of the super fund on real basis, the value of the Australian shares growing @ 6 % annually, the couple can sustain till the age of 101 i.e. for the next 41 years after retirement. Retirement corpus at age 60 Super fund ( Real basis ) 729, 506 Bank Shares 239, 656 Total 969, 162 Real Income required 60, 000 Years to last 41 Age of couple 101 Conclusion Based on the analyses, it is evident that the couple are comfortable in their retirement situation. Two of their three children are also working. Hence the responsibilities of Mark and Susan for providing for them are complete. Moreover, the couple have already purchased residential property at opportune time and are availing the capital gain. The liability on the mortgage will also be paid of in the next 7 years from the cash flow generated by the couple. The couple has prudently invested in medical insurance and hence the cost of hospitalization during aging is also taken care of. With the proceeds from the super fund and the shares, the couple can comfortably live till age 101 References and Bibliography Anon, ( 2016 ). [online] Available at: https://www.australia.gov.au/information - and - services/money.../superannuation [Accessed 27 Sep 2016]. Ato.gov.au. ( 2016 ). Individual income tax rates | Australian Taxation Office. [online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/rates/individual - income - tax - rates/ [Accessed 27 Sep 2016]. Investopedia. ( 2003 ). Purchasing Power Definition | Investopedia. [online] Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/purchasingpower.asp [Accessed 27 Sep 2016].

E DREJTE BIZNESI Essay Example For Students

E DREJTE BIZNESI Essay 1ORKIDA TOTOJANIMARREDHENIA JURIDIKE E DETYRIMITKuptimi i marrdhnies juridike t detyrimit. Elementet e marredhenies juridike te detyrimit. Llojet e detyrimeve. Permbushja ose ekzekutimi i detyrimeveMospermbushja e detyrimit2ORKIDA TOTOJANIKuptimi i marrdhnies juridike t detyrimitDetyrimi sht nj marrdhnie juridike me an t s cils nj person (debitori) detyrohet t jap dika, ose t kryej ose t mos kryej nj veprim t caktuar n dobi t nj personi tjetr ( kreditorit) dhe ky i fundit ka t drejt t krkoj ti jepet dika apo t kryhet ose t mos kryhet nj veprim i caktuar n favor t tijE drejta e kreditorit quhet kredi, ndrsa detyrimi i debitorit quhet debi ose borxh. 3ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimMarrdhnia juridike e detyrimit mund t ket nj prmbajtje ekonomike ose joekonomike. Kjo prcaktohet nga qllimi pr t cilin ato jan krijuar, apo nga interesi konkret q prfitojn palt q hyjn n kto marrdhniePavarsisht nse prmbajtja ekonomike e marrdhnies juridike t detyrimit sht e dukshme ose jo, e rndsishme sht q nga kjo marrdhnie palt duhet t realizojn patjetr nj interes t caktuar, qoft ky i fundit edhe jo ekonomik4ORKIDA TOTOJANIElementt e marrdhnies juridike t detyrimitSubjekti i nj marrdhnie juridike detyrimi. Subjektet n marrdhniet juridike t detyrimit quhen ndryshe edhe pal. Cdo marrdhnie ka t paktn dy pal. Si t till mund t marrin pjes, si personat fizik ashtu edhe personat juridik, qofshin kta shqiptar ose t huaj, si edhe vet shtetiN qoft se nj person sht me zotsi t plot pr t vepruar dhe hyn n nj marrdhnie detyrimi me nj person t pazot pr t vepruar, ather kjo marrdhnie do t quhet e pavlefshme sepse mungon njri prej elementve t saj. 5ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimPor duhet t kemi parasysh q palt nuk duhet t identifikohen me numrin e personave pjesmarrs n nj parrdhnie juridike detyrimi, sepse numri i personave mund t jet m i madh se sa dy. Palt n prgjithsi quhen debitor dhe kreditor, por n kontrata t veanta marrin emra specifik si pr shembull, tek kontrata e shitjes ata quhen shitsi dhe blersi, tek kontrata e siprmarrjes quhen siprmarrsi dhe porositsi,6ORKIDA TOTOJANIObjekti i nj marrdhnie juridike detyrimi. Objekti i nj marrdhnie detyrimi sht ai mbi t cilin ndrthuren t drejtat dhe detyrimet e palve dhe q prbn n fund t fundit shkakun dhe qllimin e lidhjes s nj kontrateObjekti para s gjithash mund t jet nj send i luajtshm ose i paluajtshm mjafton q mos jet i prjashtuar nga qarkullimi civilObjekt mund t jet gjithashtu edhe nj send i ardhshm, pra dika q nuk ekziston e materjalizuar n astin e lidhjes s kontrats por e cila do t krijohet m von, psh. nj vepr letrare, nj prodhim bujqsor a blegtoral, nj ndrtes etj7ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimObjekt mund t jet edhe nj shum t hollash me nj vler numerike t prcaktuar plotsisht n kontrat. Shuma do t shlyhet n vlern fikse n kontrat, pavarsisht nga vlera e monedhs n momentin kur do t realizohet shkmbimi apo pagesaObjekt mund t jen edhe veprimet ose mosveprimet, gjithashtu edhe produktet e krijimtaris intelektuale dhe t mirat personale jopasurore8ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimObjekti i nj marrdhnie juridike detyrimi, pavarsisht nga lloji i tij, q t jet marrdhnia e vle fshme duhet t plotsoj disa kushte:-t jet i prcaktuar ose i prcaktueshm t jet i ligjshm t jet i vlefshm, dhe t jet i mundshm pr tu realizuar9ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimPrmbajtja e marrdhnies juridike t detyrimitMe prmbajtje t nj marrdhnie juridike detyrimi do t kuptojm trsin e t drejtave dhe t detyrimeve juridike civile q kane palt pjesmarrse n kt marrdhnie t caktuar s pari, t mos vij n kundrshtim me ligjin. Kjo nuk do t thot q detyrimi duhet t jet parashikuar shprehimisht n ligj, por mjafton t mos vij n kundrshtim me parimet kryesore t s drejts s dyti, prmbajtja duhet t mos vij n kundrshtim me politikn e prgjithshme shtetrore dhe me parimet shtetrore10ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdim s treti, t mos jet n kundrshtim me interesat e shtetasves katrti, t jet e mundshme pr tu realizuar qoft fizikisht dhe materjalisht, qoft juridikisht. Mungesa qoft edhe e njrit nga kto katr kushte e bn marrdhnien e detyrimit t pavlefshme. 11ORKIDA TOTOJANILlojet e detyrimeve. Ne marredheniet juridike te detyrimit debitori mund te kete si detyrim vetem kryerjen e nje pune ose sherbimi ose dorezimin e nje sendi apo shume te hollash. Ne keto raste themi se detyrimi eshte i thjeshtePor debitori mund te kete si detyrim kryeen e me shume se nje pune, veprimi ose sherbimi. Ne kete rast themi se detyrimi eshte i perzier12ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrimet e thjeshta mund te jene detyrime konkrete ose individualedetyrime gjenerikeDetyrimet e perziera mund te jenedetyrime kumullativedetyrime alternative13ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDuke patur parasysh si kriter numrin e subjekteve qe marrin pjese ne nje marredhenie juridike detyrimi kemi:detyrime me dy persona dhedetyrime me shume personaDetyrimet me shume persona nga ana e tyre jane tre llojesh:detyrime solidaredetyrime te pjestueshmedetyrime te papjestueshme14ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrimet konkrete dhe gjenerikeKjo ndarje behet duke marre si kriter faktin nese objekt i detyrimit jane sende individualisht te percaktuara a po sende te percaktuara ne gjini. Detyrim konkret kemi kur permbajtja e tij eshte percaktuar me elementet e sendit qe e dallojne ate nga sendet e tjeraNdersa detyrim gjenerik kemi atehere kur permbajtja e ketij detyrimi eshte e percaktuar me ane te elementeve qe karakterizojne nje grup sendesh te te njejtit lloj ku detyrimi ben pjese. I tille eshte per shembull, nje detyrim ne te holla15ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrimet me shume personaDetyrimet me dy persona jane ato detyrime ne te cilat marrin pjese dy pale me nga nje debitor dhe nje kreditor secila ne perberje te tyreMund te ndodhe qe ne nje marredhenie juridike detyrimi te kete shume persona ne perberje te pales debitore ose ne perberje te pales kreditore, ose ne perberje te te dyja paleve se bashkuNe te tilla raste themi se ndodhemi para detyrimeve me shume persona16ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrimet solidareDetyrimi eshte solidar kur kreditori ose secili nga kreditoret ka te drejte te kerkoje egzekutimin e te njejtit detyrim teresisht ose pjeserisht si nga debitoret se bashku, ashtu edhe nga secili prej tyre ve e veNe detyrimet solidare kreditori ka te drejte ti drejtohet sipas deshires se tij, nje a me shume debitoreve ose te gjitheve se bashku per gjithe shumen e detyrimit, ose secilit prej tyre per nje pjese te saj17ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrime te pjestueshmePerkufizimi i ketij lloj detyrimi jepet nga Kodi Civil ne nenin 442: kur shume debitore ose kreditore marrin pjese ne te njejtin detyrim dhe ky eshte i pjestueshem, secili debitor eshte i detyruar te egzekutoje dhe secili kreditor ka te drejte te kerkoje nje pjese te barabarte te detyrimit, perve kur ne kontrate ose ne ligj eshte parashikuar ndrysheKarakteristike kryesore e ketyre lloj detyrimeve eshte se objekti i tyre eshte i pjestueshem. Ai mund te jete nje detyrim ne te holla ose monetar, mund te jete nje send ne gjini, por mund te jete edhe nje send individualisht i percaktuar, pjestimi i te cilit eshte plotesisht i mundshem nga pikpamja fizike dhe nuk e prish egzistencen e sendi t te pare sepse do pjese pas ndarjes mund te qendroje si nje send me vete18ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimNe detyrimin e pjestueshem donjeri kreditor ka te drejte te kerkoje vetem pjesen qe i takon dhe cdo debitor eshte i detyruar te permbushe detyrimin ne pjesen qe i takonZakonisht pjeset ne keto lloj detyrimesh jane te barabarta. Tipik eshte rasti i marredhenieve te detyrimit qe rrjedhin nga marredheniet e trashegimise, ku trashegimtaret pergjigjen ne menyre te barabarte per detyrimet e trashegimlenesve te tyre, ne qofte se testamenti nuk i parashikon pjeset te ndryshme19ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrimet e papjestueshme. Detyrimet e papjestueshme jane nja nga llojet e detyrimeve me shume persona. Nje detyrim i tille ka keto karakteristika:ne te marrin pjese shume debitore ose shume kreditoreobjekt i detyrimit eshte nje send, nje e drejte apo nje veprim i papjestueshem. Objekt i ketyre detyrimeve zakonisht jane sendet20ORKIDA TOTOJANIPermbushja ose ekzekutimi i detyrimeveMe permbushje te detyrimeve do te kuptojme kryerjen e atij veprimi apo sherbimi apo dorezimin e atij sendi qe permban objektin e nje marredhenie juridike detyrimi. Detyrimi duhet te permbushet sipas permbajtjes se tij ne vendin, menyren apo afatin e caktuar, si dhe ne pershtatje me kerkesat e ligjit dhe te kontrates. Kur nje person detyrohet te dorezoje nje send, ai detyrohet te ruaje e te kujdeset per te deri ne mometin e dorezimit. Kjo sanksionohet ne nenin 456 te Kodit Civil. Kur objekti i deyrimit eshte dorezimi i sendit te percaktuar ne gjini, debitori duhet te dorezoje sendin me cilesi jo me te dobet se ajo mesatare.(neni 457 i Kodit Civil.)21ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimPermbushja duhet ti referohet te gjithe kushteve te kontrates duke filluar me karakteristikat e objektit, me sasine, cilesine, vleren e tij, me menyren e dorezimit, te pagimit, vendin e ekzekutimit, afatin e te tjera qe do ti trajtojme ne vazhdim. Objekti. Debitori detyrohet te permbushe detyrimin ne pajtim me permbajtjen e tij, domethene detyrohet te kryeje ate veprim apo sherbim qe parashikohet ne mardhenien juridike te detyrimit. 22ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDebitori detyrohet te permbushe detyrimin ne pajtim me permbajtjen e tij, domethene detyrohet te kryeje ate veprim apo sherbim qe parashikohet ne mardhenien juridike te detyrimit. Zevendesimi i permbajtjes se detyrimit nuk duhet te ngaterrohet me dhenien me qellim perbushje. Per shembull, nje debitor qe i ka marre nje shume hua B-se, ne vend te saj i jep huadhenesit te tij nje biiklete qe ta shese dhe te nxjerre shumen e huase. Ne kete rast kur nje send jepet me qellim permbushjeje, detyrimi nuk shuhet ne momentin e dorezimit te sendit, por vetem pasi ai eshte shitur dhe shuma e nxjerre nga shitja ka zevendesuar huane e marre. 23ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimDetyrimi ne te holla. Pjesa me e madhe e detyrimeve ku hyjne palet ne qarkullimin civil jane detyrime ne te hollaKodi Civil percakton edhe menyren e pagimit apo te shlyerjes te ndonje shume parash. Sipas nenit 445: Detyrimi per te paguar nje shume parash shlyhet me vleften e tij nominale, perve kur rezulton ndryshe nga ligji ose nga kontrata. Nje nga elementet e treguesit me te rendesishem te nje detyrimi ne te holla eshte edhe monedha e parashikuar nga palet. Detyrimi monetar kryhet me monedhen qe eshte ne qarkullim ne shtetin ku behet pagesa, ne qofte se nuk parashikohet ndryshe ne kontrate. 24ORKIDA TOTOJANIdo detyrim monetar duhet te shlyhet jo vetem ne monedhen e caktuar nga palet, jo vetem ne vendin e caktuar nga palet ose nga ligji, por edhe ne afatin e percaktuar. Ne rast vonese te pagimit te shumes, debitori duhet te paguaje shperblimin e demit te shkaktuar nga kjo vonese. Demi ne keto raste perbehet nga: kamatat e arrira, te llogaritura ne monedhen zyrtare te vendit ku behet pagimi qe nga data e fillimit te voneses se debitorit. Perqindja e kamates percaktohet me ligj ose me kontrateKur pagesa ne pagimine nje detyrimi monetar eshte me e madhe se nje vit, atehere ne mbarim te do viti kamatat e arrira i shtohen shumes se detyruar ne baze te kontrates. 25ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimVendi i permbushjes se detyrimit. do detyrim duhet te permbushet ne vendin e caktuar nga palet ne kontrate. Sipas nenit 448 te Kodit Civil, kreditori mund te caktoje edhe nje vend tjeter te ndryshem nga venbanimi i tij, por gjithnje brenda kufijve te shtetit ku ai banon ne astin e pagimit te detyrimit ose ne astin e lindjes se tij. Zakonisht vendi i pagimit te shumes se detyruar caktohet ne marreveshjen e paleve. 26ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimAfati i permbushjes se detyrimit. Afat i permbushjes se detyrimit eshte asti ose momenti i caktuar ne kohe kur duhet te behet permbushja e detyrimit. Zakonisht afati percaktohet duke u treguar nje date e caktuar kalendarikeAfati mund te caktohet edhe duke treguar nje periudhe kohore me kalimin e se ciles duhet te permbushet detyrimi, per shembull. Brenda tre muajve nga asti i lidhjes se kontrates. Nje menyre tjeter e caktimit te nje afati eshte percaktimi ne kontrate i nje ngjarje natyrore ose i nje feste kalendarike qe dihet me siguri qe do te ndodhe. Per shembull, kur te bjere bora e pare , ne prag te Krishtlindjeve etj27ORKIDA TOTOJANIvazhdimNe marredheniet juridike te detyrimit afati i permbushjes se detyrimit mund te caktohet qe ne fillim. Ne kete rast themi se detyrimi eshte me afat. Mund te ndodhe qe afati i permbushjes se detyrimit te mos jete caktuar ose permbushja te jete lene ne kerkesen e kreditorit. Ne kete rast themi se detyrimi eshte pa afat. Neni 463 i Kodit Civil pranon se ne raste te tilla kreditori ka te drejte te kerkoje permbushjen e detyrimit ne do kohe dhe debitori eshte i detyruar ta ekzekutoje detyrimin brenda 15 diteve nga kryerja e kerkeses se kreditorit. 28ORKIDA TOTOJANIMenyra e permbushjes se detyrimit. Kur flasim per menyre te permbushjes se detyrimit do te kemi parasysh sasine, cilesine e objektit si dhe menyren e dorezimit e dorezimit te tij. Persa i perket cilesise objekti i detyrimit duhet ti pergjigjet asaj cilesie qe palet kane percaktuar ne kontrate. Moral maturity Essay50ORKIDA TOTOJANINj nga kushtet m t rndsishme t kontrats s shitjes sht edhe mimi. Palt duhet t merren vesh shprehimisht pr mimin e objektit t kontrats. Ai duhet t plotsoj disa kushte: Duhet t jet i shprehur n t holla, sepse n t kundrt nuk do t ishim para nj kontrate shitje, por para nj kontrate shkmbimi. Si prjashtim mimi mund t jet i shprehur pjesrisht n t holla dhe pjesrisht n natyr. N kt rast do t jemi prpara kontrats s shitjes, ather kur vlera e shprehur n t holla do t jet m e madhe se vlera e sendit. Duhet t jet i dreje. N literaturn juridike, nj mim duhet t konsiderohet i drejt n qoft se sht t paktn sa nj e dyta e vlers s sendit t shitur, ose maksimumi sa dyfishi i vlers s tij. N t kundrt n qoft se sht jasht ktyre kufijve, ather shitja do t jet e pavlefshme. Duhet t jet real. Nj mim do t konsiderohet real, ather kur i prgjigjet vlers reale t sendit, cilsive t tij dhe qllimit pr t cilin sht krijuar. Duhet t jet i prcaktuar ose i prcaktueshm. mimi sht i prcaktueshem, ather kur palt e kan lidhur prcaktimin e tij me ndonj kusht ose me kalimin e nj afati t caktuar. 51ORKIDA TOTOJANIDetyrimet e palve n kontratn e shitjes. Detyrimet e shitsit jan:Ti kaloj blersit t drejtn e pronsisTi dorzoj blersit objektin e kontratsT garantoj blersin pr gzimin e qet t sendit, t lir nga do e drejt tjetr pronsie e personave t tjer mbi tT garantoj blersin pr cilsin e sendit dhe mungesn e t metave t tij52ORKIDA TOTOJANIDetyrimet e blersitDetyrimi pr t marr n dorzim sendin. Detyrimi pr pagimin e mimit t shitjes. 53ORKIDA TOTOJANIMomenti i kalimit t s drejts s pronsis. Pasoja m e rndsishme juridike e kontrats s shitjes sht kalimi i s drejts s pronsis nga shitsi tek blersi. Ky moment ka rndsi t madhe, sepse q nga ky ast shitsi pushon s qni pronar, ndrsa blersi si pronar i ri i lind e drejta ta krkoj sendin nga kushdo qoft. Ve ksaj rreziku i humbjes ose dmtimit rastsisht t sendit pa fajin e ndonjrs nga palt, q nga ky moment rndon mbi blersin. 54ORKIDA TOTOJANILidhur me astin e kalimit t s drejts s pronsis nga shitsi tek blersi, legjislacionet e ndryshme njohin dy sisteme:Sistemi i astit t dorzimit t sendit. Sistemi i astit t lidhjes s kontrats. Sipas Kodit Civil shqiptar, asti i kalimit t s drejts s pronsis sht asti i lidhjes s kontrats. Si prjashtim, vetm pr sendet q maten, peshohen ose numrohen, ( pra pr sendet e prcaktuara n gjini ), pronsia kalon n astin e dorzimit t tyre. Ndrsa pr sendet e paluajtshme, kontratat e t cilave duhet t bhen me akt noterial dhe t rregjistrohen, pronsia kalon n astin e lidhjes s kontrats. 55ORKIDA TOTOJANILlojet e kontratave t shitjes. Llojet kryesore t kontratave t shitjes t parashikuara nga legjislacioni yn dhe nga legjislacione t tjera jan:-shitja me mostr,-shitja me prov,-shitja me t drejt parablerje etj. Kodi Civil rregullon shprehimisht dy lloje shitjesh:shitjen me rezerv t prons,shitjen e pasurive t paluajtshme. 56ORKIDA TOTOJANIN qoft se palt parashikojn q mimi i shitjes do t paguhet me kste dhe blersi i fiton pronsin me pagimin e kstit t fundit pavarsisht se atij i sht br dorzimi i sendit, themi se kemi t bjm me shitjen me rezerv pronsie. Shitja me rezerv pronsie duhet t parashikohet shprehimisht n kontrat. Shitja e sendeve t paluajtshme sht formale, domethn ajo duhet t bhet me akt noterial dhe t rregjistrohet, prndryshe sht e pavlefshme. 57ORKIDA TOTOJANIKONTRATA E QIRASEKuptimi dhe veorit e kontrats s qirasElementt e kontrats s qirasLidhja dhe ndryshimi i kontrates se qirase me kontratat e tjeraLlojet e kontratave t qiras. 58ORKIDA TOTOJANIKuptimi dhe veorit e kontrats s qiras. Qiraja sht kontrata me t ciln njra pal ( qiradhnsi ) detyrohet ti jap pals tjetr ( qiramarrsit ) nj send t caktuar n gzim t prkohshm kundrejt nj shprblimi t caktuar. Duke marr n analiz prkufizimin e msiprm dalin n pah edhe veorit e kontrats s qiras. Ato jan si m posht:Afati sipas nenit 803 t Kodit Civil, kontrata nuk mund t lidhet pr nj periudh m t gjat se 30 vjet, prve rasteve kur n ligj sht prcaktuar ndryshe. Pr shembull, qiraja e toks e ka kufirin maksimal t afatit 99 vjet, qiraja e ndrtesave t destinuara pr banim e ka 5 vjet, etj. 59ORKIDA TOTOJANIN kontratn e qiras sendi jepet n gzim t prkohshm, domethn se qiramarrsi e prdor sendin sipas destinacionit t caktuar n kontrat ose sipas mnyrs s tij dhe pas mbarimit t afatit kontraktor duhet tia kthej prsri sendin qiradhnsit. Ky i fundit mbetet pronar i sendit gjat gjith kohs s vazhdimsis s kontrats dhe pas saj. Qiradhnsi nuk zhvishet asnjher nga e drejta e tij e pronsis. Objekt i kontrats s qiras mund t jen vetm sendet, qofshin kto t luajtshme ose t paluajtshme. Kusht kryesor pr objektin sht q sendi t jet nj send individualisht i prcaktuar dhe n t njjtn koh i pakonsumueshm60ORKIDA TOTOJANIKarakteristik tjetr e ksaj kontrate sht edhe preferenca. Me preferenc do t kuptojm t drejtn e qiramarrsit, q n fund t kontrats s qiras n qoft se kontrata do t rinovohet nga ana e qiradhnsit, ather qiramarrsi sht i preferuar pr t mbetur i till n raport me pretendentt e tjer pr qiramarrs edhe pr nj afat t ri. Kt t drejt ai mund ta ushtroj vetm n qoft se ka qen i prpikt dhe korrekt n prmbushjen e detyrimeve q kan rrjedhur nga kontrata e qiras. Prtritja sht nj veori tjetr e qiras. Nj kontrat qiraje do t quhet e prtritur kur megjithse ka mbaruar afati qiramarrsi vazhdon ta mbaj n prdorim sendin dhe qiradhnsi nuk paraqet ndonj kundrshtim pr kt gj. N kto raste kontrata do t riprtrihet edhe pr nj afat t ri me po ato kushte si e mparshmja. 61ORKIDA TOTOJANIPrsa i prket forms, n nenin 803, sanksionohet se kontrata e qiras q lidhet me afat mbi nj vit duhet t bhet me shkres. Ndrsa kontrata e qiras me afat m t shkurtr se nj vit mund t bhet edhe me goj dhe si rrjedhim ajo mund t vrtetohet me dshmitar. Kontrata e qiras me objekt sende t paluajtshme duhet t rregjistrohet pr efekt vlefshmrie. Ky rregjistrim sht i detyrueshm ather kur afati i kontrats s qiras sht 9 vjet. Pr kto lloj kontratash q jan me afat m t shkurtr se 9 vjet jan t vlefshme edhe sikur t mos rregjistrohen me kusht q t jen t lidhura n form shkresore. Kur objekt i qiras jan sende t paluajtshme me karakter bujqsor kontrata e qiras me afat mbi 9 vjet duhet t bhet me akt noterial dhe t rregjistrohet, sepse n t kundrt sht e pavlefshme. 62ORKIDA TOTOJANIQiraja sht nj kontrat me shprblim. Qiraja zakonisht sht e shprehur n t holla, por ka raste q mund t shprehet n natyr. Pr shembull, tek kontrata e qiras s tokave bujqsore m shpesh palt e parashikojn vlern e qiras n produkte bujqsore. Kodi Civil rregullon edhe kontratn e nnqiras. Sipas ktij rregulli qiramarrsi mund t lidh kontrata nnqiraje me nj person t tret, por gjithmon kur palt n kontratn e qiras nuk kan parashikuar ndonj marrveshje t kundrt ose ndonj ndalim pr kt gj. Qiramarrsi mund tia kaloj kontratn e qiras nj personi tjetr vetm me plqimin e qiradhnsit. Pr sa i prket astit t mbarimit n qoft se kontrata sht lidhur me afat ather qiraja mbaron me skadimin e ktij afati, pa qen e nevojshme shpallja e ktij mbarimi n ndonj form t caktuar. Kur kontrata sht lidhur pa afat t caktuar, ather do t konsiderohet se mbaron q nga asti q njra pal njofton tjetrn kur ato e kan parashikuar nj gj t till, n t kundrt do t quhet q afati sht maksimali i parashikuar nga ligji pr at lloj kontrate qiraje. 63ORKIDA TOTOJANIElementt e kontrats s qiras. Objekt i kontrats mund t jen si sendet e luajtshme edhe ato t paluajtshme me kusht q t jen t pakonsumueshm dhe individualisht t prcaktuar sepse do t kthehet i njjti send. N qoft se objekt i kontrats do t ishin sende n gjini, ather do t gjendeshim para kontrats s huas n t ciln huamarrsi detyrohet t kthej jo sendet q ka marr, por sende t tjera t t njjtit lloj, n t njjtn sasi dhe cilsi. Objekt mund t jen edhe sende q nuk mund t shiten apo t tjetrsohen, sepse tek qiraja nuk krkohet kalimi i pronsis. Subjektet e kontrats s qiras quhen qiradhnsi dhe qiramarrsi. Qiradhns mund t jet do person fizik ose juridik. Si rregull qiradhnsi sht pronar i sendit, por ky nuk sht kusht thelbsor dhe i domosdoshm. Si rrjedhim si qiradhns mund t paraqitet edhe nj person q nuk sht pronar i sendit, mjafton q t ket t drejt q t jap sendin me qira. Pr shembull ktu futen prindrit dhe kujdestart pr pasurit e personave q kan n kujdestari ose prfaqsuesit, ndrmjetsit, kur kt t drejt e gzojn n baz t kontrats ose t ligjit. Po ashtu kan t drejt t japin me qira sende edhe punonjsit shtetror t cilve u njihet e drejta t lidhin kontrata qiraje me objekt pasurit q kan n administrim si rezultat i kompetencave t tyre dhe i funksioneve q ata kryejn. 64ORKIDA TOTOJANIT drejtat dhe detyrimet e palve n kontratn e qiras. Detyrimet e qiradhnsit jan:Qiradhnsi sht i detyruar q ti dorzoj qiramarrsit sendin n kohn e caktuar n kontrat dhe n at gjendje q i prgjigjet qllimit pr t cilin sht dhn me qira. Dorzimi i sendit duhet t bhet n afatin e caktuar n kontrat. N qoft se n kontrat nuk sht prcaktuar shprehimisht asti i dorzimit t sendit, ather dorzimi do t bhet menjher me lidhjen e kontrats. Qiradhnsi ka si detyrim ta mbaj sendin n po at gjndje si e ka dhn n astin e dorzimit t tij. Gjat vazhdimit t qiras qiradhnsi sht i detyruar t kryej t gjitha ndreqjet q jan thelbsore, t domosdoshme dhe t nevojshme pr ta mbajtur sendin n po at gjndje q i prgjigjet qllimit t dhnies me qira. 65ORKIDA TOTOJANIQiradhnsi duhet t garantoj qiramarrsin pr mungesn e t metave t sendit. Qiradhnsi ashtu si edhe tek kontrata e shitjes, detyrohet ta garantoj qiramarrsin jo vetm pr mungesn e t metave t sendit, por edhe pr gzimin e qet t tij. T drejtat dhe detyrimet e qiramarrsit. Qiramarrsi detyrohet t marr dijeni pr sendin dhe ta prdor at sipas destinacionit q del nga kontrata ose nga qllimi i palve. Qiramarrsi duhet ta kthej sendin sendin n gjndjen q sht marr. Zakonisht kontrata e qiras duhet t prmbaj prshkrimin e hollsishm t karakteristikave t sendit si dhe t kufijve t tij kur ai sht i paluajtshm. Detyrimi m i dukshm pr qiramarrsin sht pagimi i mimit t qiras. Ky detyrim duhet t prmbushet n afatet e caktuara n kontrat. 66ORKIDA TOTOJANILidhja dhe ndryshimi i kontrates se qirase me kontratat e tjeraKontrata e qirase ngjan shume me huaperdorjen, sepse tek te dyja keto kontrata njera pale i jep tjetres nje send ne perdorim me qellim qe ta ktheje perseri. Ndryshimi midis tyre qendron ne faktin se qiraja eshte nje kontrate me shperblim, ndersa huaperdorja eshte nje kontrate qe lidhet gjithmone pa shperblim. Qiraja ngjan me depoziten, sepse tek te dyja lihet nje send perkohesisht ne duart e tjetres, per ta rikthyer perseri. Ndryshimi qendron ne faktin se depozita lidhet me qellim ruajtjen e sendit dhe vetem si rast perjashtimor perdorimin e tij. Tek qiraja sendi jepet ne perdorim me qellim qe te shfrytezohet dhe te gezohet dhe ruajtja apo kujdesi per sendin eshte nje detyrim dytesor gjithmone ne funksion te perdorimit. Kontrata e qirase dallon nga shitja, sepse tek kontrata e shitjes kalon e drejta e pronesise nga shitesi tek bleresi, ndersa tek qiraja vetem nendoresia dhe gezimi i sendit. 67ORKIDA TOTOJANILlojet e kontratave t qiras. Qiraja me objekt pasurit e paluajtshme me natyr bujqsore. Objekt i ksaj kontrate jan sendet e paluajtshme bujqsore si pr shembull, toka bujqsore, kullotat, livadhet, pyjet, ndrtesat e banimit si dhe ndrtesat ndihmse q jan n funksion t nj veprimtarie bujqsore. Pjes e kontrats s qiras duhet t jet edhe inventari i hollsishm n t cilin prshkruhen kufijt dhe karakteristikat e pasuris s paluajtshme si dhe inventari i plot i sendeve t tjera t luajtshme t lidhura me t. N munges t nj inventari do t konsiderohet se prona sht marr n rregull. Prsa i prket forms, sht nj kontrat formale q duhet t lidhet me akt noterial dhe t rregjstrohet n regjistrat publik, kur lidhet pr nj afat mbi 9 vjet, sepse n t kundrt kontrata do t quhet e pavlefshme68ORKIDA TOTOJANINj kusht mjaft i rndsishm i ksaj kontrate sht edhe mimi, i cili mund t jet i shprehur si n t holla ashtu edhe n natyr. Kur mimi sht shprehur n produkte bujqsore, kto do t dorzohen pasi t jen mbjell t korrat. Po ashtu mimi duhet t paguhet sipas afateve t caktuara n kontrat. N munges t afatit, kur mimi sht i shprehur n t holla, ai do t paguhet n fund t do viti kalendarik. 69ORKIDA TOTOJANIKarakteristik pr kt kontrat sht e ashtuquajtura e drejt e kultivimit, e cila nnkupton t drejtn e njrs nga palt kontraktuese q t vendos se far produkti do t kultivohet n tokn objekt qiraje nga nj periudh n nj tjetr. E drejta e kultivimit duhet t rregullohet me marrveshje t palve. N qoft se ato nuk jan marr vesh shprehimisht n kontrat, ather kemi dy raste:kur mimi i qiras sht shprehur trsisht ose kryesisht n produkte bujqsore t kultivuara n tokn objekt qiraje, ather e drejta e kultivimit i takon qiradhnsit. Kur mimi i qiras sht shprehur trsisht ose pjesrisht n t holla, e drejta e kultivimit i takon qiramarrsit. 70ORKIDA TOTOJANIKontrata e qirase financiareKodi Civil ne dispozitat mbi kontraten e qirase rregullon per here te pare edhe kontraten e qirase financiare ose kontraten leasing. Me ane te kesaj kontrate njera pale detyrohet te vere ne dispozicion te pales tjeter per nje kohe te caktuar nje send te luajtshem ose te paluajtshem kundrejt nje pagese me afate periodike qe percaktohet ne varesi te vleres se sendit, te kohezgjatjes se kontrates si dhe te ndonje elementi tjeter te caktuar ne marreveshje te paleve. Sendi duhet te jete fituar ose te jete ndertuar nga qiradhenesi me ane te pershkrimit te qiramarresit ose sipas deshires se tijNdonese qellimi i qirase financiare, si per do kontrate qiraje eshte perdorimi i nje sendi te caktuar te luajshem ose te paluajtshem, ne ndryshim nga kontrata tradicionale e qirase, tek kontrata e qirase financiare rezultati perfundimtar i marreveshjes se paleve eshte e drejta e qiramarresit per tu bere pronar i sendit71ORKIDA TOTOJANI