Identifying Stakeholders and Developing Charter Essay

Identifying Stakeholders and Developing Charter - Essay Example This essay stresses that organizational structure has a very deep impact on the project management and PM decision making process this also includes the company’s size and its business requirements. The organization functioning horizontally or vertically the organizational structure is used to uphold and mange the resources, time line, expenditure, and quality/performance. Three organizational structures are utilized by the by the PM are functional, matrix, and projectized. the PM process impacted though the company’s culture. The corporate culture defines the character of the organization. If we analyze the company’s culture then we will able to find out that it includes of the norms, assumptions, values and concrete signs of business members and their behaviors. The company’s culture determines a company’s managerial actions, performance, image, and policies, also having impact on the operational programs of the PM practice. In this report the author has discussed the main stakeholders of this project. He has utilized different project stakeholder identification and classification techniques of this project. He has also mentioned the criteria for the call of meeting for this project. During the analysis He has found different potential conflict that the author of the report has mentioned in the last section. He has tried to address each aspect of the under-discussion factor, so that we can have a better and clear view of the overall project.

Lindbergh Baby Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lindbergh Baby Case - Essay Example There was huge attention by the media concerning the issue. As a result, Lindbergh the father of the baby permitted a negotiator, called Dr. John Condon, to discuss with the kidnappers (FBI, n.d.). After a series of exchange of notes between him and the kidnappers, he met with the kidnapper and gave them the $50,000 ransom for the release of the baby (Busch, 1970). The kidnappers disclosed that the baby was on a boat off the New York harbor (Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), n.d.). However, after a thorough search, there was nothing in the harbor. Two months after the kidnapping, the babys body was unintentionally found decaying in woods near the Lindbergh home (FBI, n.d.). The police then launched a manhunt for the kidnapper and they mainly concentrated on pursuing any ransom money that had been spent. In this case, the police took the role of investigation; they investigated this case of three accounts of crime, which included; kidnapping, murder, and fraudulent money exchange. The police from the Federal Bureau of Investigation traced their investigation to the conclusion of Bruno Richard Hauptmann as the main suspect. The suspect was who was arrested after the police found more evidence his house (Busch, 1970). He was taken to the court and the jury found him guilty of the charges on Feb. 13, 1933. The correction required him to confess to the charges, which he refused, and thus he was electrocuted on April 3, 1936. First appearance is a common thing that takes place in the court process. In this process, a judge makes a decision on whether there is justification to grant a bond an individual suspected of committing any given crime and informs the suspected offender of his/her rights in the trial process (United States Attorney Office, n.d.). During the first appearance in the Lindbergh Baby Case, the police and the team of prosecutors proved to the court that there was evidence beyond reasonable doubts that the crime was committed. The defendant

Goethe’s plotting Essay Example for Free

Goethe’s plotting Essay In the intellectual history of Europe, Johann Wolfgang yon Goethe is central to the development of Romantic thinking, which was contemporary in his day. Goethe attempted to see the world in a new light; he reconsiders old questions of good and evil, as well as questions about human nature. The story of Faust allows such considerations. Romantics strive for something beyond their reach, beyond anyone’s reach. Contentment is not their goal. One place that we see Faust’s striving is in his conversation on â€Å"unrest† with Wagner (699-702). Just as Wagner illustrates the normal academic who thinks that books hold all the answers he needs, Faust as a Romantic has come both to realize the limitations of what’s in books and to be unwilling to accept those limitations. Wagner thinks Faust should enjoy the reputation he has as a doctor among the peasants, but Faust knows the reputation is a sham. He and his father were in truth helpless against the ravages of the plague (although they obviously at least comforted the sick). Faust’s aspirations permit him to make a bargain with Mephistopheles, especially since a part of the bet involves Mephistopheles’ belief that Faust will eventually enjoy contentment. Rather than seeking knowledge, which had been a goal of the Faust of German and English tradition, Goethe’s Faust seeks experience and feeling. This also makes his quest apart of the Romantic tradition. The Romantic hero must approach life’s mysteries by active participation, not by reflection. When Faust and Mephistopheles see the witch for her medicine, what Faust wants is youth, so that he can experience what he may have missed while he was absorbed in his studies. And what he comes to want then is Margaret, the peasant maid who looks like a beauty to the revitalized man. The Romantic has spiritual goals, but they’re usually outside of conventional religions. We see this most directly in the scene between Gretchen and Faust. She wants him to be a Christian, but Faust’s spirituality cannot be contained by dogma. To follow this Romantic thread, think of Christianity as a revealed religion, embraced by the European and German society of the time. It made many late eighteenths and early nineteenth century people feel safe and secure. You can see how this picture of comfort might fall outside of the Romantic’s striving, since he seeks a mystery beyond the conventional. The Romantic hero must be willing to break free of bounds, no matter the consequences. Another key romantic characteristic is a faith in nature as a creative source, as both a source of comfort and energy. Faust expresses his enthusiasm early when he contrasts the value of experiencing nature with the deadness of books (685). What impresses him about Easter is the revitalizing force of spring rather than the story of Jesus (695-6). It is the exalted spirit of nature that he credits with allowing him to penetrate Gretchens heart, and that he credits with giving him the companion Mephistopheles 747-48 -48). Conclusion Besides a faith in nature, romantics idealize childhood and women, seeing in them a purity and honesty of emotions that are difficult to attain in the intellectual and adult worlds. This romanticism can be seen in Goethe’s plotting, as he has the church bell remind Faust of his childhood so that the character does not commit suicide early in the play. Also, the love affair with Gretchen leads to the dramas climax. References Faust Supplemented Study Guide: Retrieved from World Wide Web http://faculty. southwest. tn. edu/llipinski/ENGL2320T201/content/lesson18_handout. htm Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Faust, Publisher, Oxford University Press, 1998.

The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway Essay Example for Free

The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway Essay At some point as children, we always wish we were big. It seems customary for children to want to hang out with the big kids, most likely because they are smarter or more experienced. Its said that with age comes wisdom, and thats probably why kids often look to their parents, teachers, or older siblings for advice, rather than their peers. Although children are always looking to their elders, at the same time, adults often look to children to regain their youth. For some reason, adults fear getting old, so they find spending time with younger people makes the feel young and lively again. In Ernest Hemingways novel The Old Man and the Sea, the author uses the elderly man, Santiago, to represent old age, and he uses the boy, Manolin, to represent the aspect of youth in the story. The contrast between these two characters illustrates this idea of wisdom coming with age and elderly yearning for youth. Old age is represented in this story by Santiago. He is a very old man who has been fishing for most of his life. He has been fishing for so long that he knows many of the ways and techniques to being a good fisherman. He is a very skilled fisherman, and he has a philosophy about how one fishes is how they live. He being old lives a very simple life and also fishes in a very simple way. He can survive on so little and he doesnt eat much, but he is still satisfied. He is the experienced, wise one in the relationship of him and Manolin, so he is helping the boy learn to fish, which allows Manolin to look up to him. The old man had taught the boy to fish, and the boy loved him. (p.10) Although he is so talented and knowledgeable when it comes to fishing though, his old age has weakened him physically. This prevents him from being the great fisherman that he probably was in the past. He struggles a lot throughout the book with his lack of physical strength, and in the scene where he firs t catches the fish and he is trying to hold the line, the narrator says, This will kill him, the old man thought. He cant do this forever. (p.45) This is a good example of how, despite the old mans mental strength, optimism, and wisdom, he still will feel like a failure because of his deteriorating body. One way the old man recaptures his no longer existent youth is through the dreams he has of lions laying on the beaches. This reminds him of the days when he was in Africa, the days when he was young and in good physical shape. Also, often through the book,  the old man is yearning for the boys assistance. The boy helps him feel strong as he probably was when he was young. He says, I wish I had the boy. (p.45) But Santiago stays persistent and patient, although he has not successfully caught a fish for 85 days. This shows a lot of the elderly mans intensity, and his qualities that make him a wise teacher for the young boy Manolin. This is why Santiago portrays the Christ figure in this story. As opposed to Santiago, Manolin is the young boy in the story who symbolizes youth. Unlike the old man, he is a little boy who is physically strong, as are many young boys, and he is also inexperienced in many aspects of his life. He loves and looks up to the old man, particularly because he taught the boy to fish. He hasnt fished much in his life yet because he is so young, so he really respects the old mans talent. He seems to look up to Santiago as if he was his father or his mentor. As a lot of the other men in the town made fun of the old man for not catching a fish, the boy did not. He cares too much for him. It made the boy sad to see the man come in each day with his skiff empty. (p.9) Because so often the man wishes he had Manolin with him to help, this shows how Manolin must be in good health and physical strength. As Santiago would be serving as the Christ figure in this novel, Manolin would represent one of his disciples. With age does come wisdom, as Hemingway shows in this novel? Santiago symbolizes old age and wisdom with his great fishing experience and also represents a God figure, while Manolin represents youth and looks up to the old man for wisdom. The boy makes Santiago feel strong and youthful as he once was when he was young. Many old people look to younger people because they yearn for the strength they once had, while children always yearn for the experience that older people have. This just goes to show you always want what you dont have.

High-Tech Workers in the Silicon Valley Essay examples -- Essays Paper

Brief History of the Valley The Silicon Valley area became a major manufacturing power after World War II. The Cold War furthered this development, as industries involved in defense, aerospace, steel, oil, automobiles, and so on prospered (Hossfeld 405-406). The high-technology industry began in the laboratories of corporations such as Bell Laboratories, American Telephone and Telegraph, Fairchild Camera and Instrument, and General Electric during this Cold War era (Bacon, â€Å"Organizing†). Employment in California, especially Silicon Valley, grew rapidly between 1950 and 1980 due to technical innovation that characterized the postwar prosperity. Furthermore, federal spending expanded California’s economy, placing it in the front of a high-technology revolution (Hossfeld 405). Politicians such as the former President Clinton and Vice President Gore consider the Silicon Valley the model for the United States industrial growth in the new millennium. While this â€Å"model† has had remarkable products and performance, it also employs underpaid workers in unsafe environments (Siegel 91). Moreover, unlike most manufacturing industries in the United States, the high-tech workers are not organized into unions. Microelectronics and Cell Phones Santa Clara Valley, California, better known as Silicon Valley, is the birthplace and reigning capital of the largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry in the world, microelectronics (Hossfeld 405). Microelectronics is defined as a branch of electronics that deals with the miniaturization of electric circuits and components. This involves computers, processor, cell phones, and many other electronic devices. Cell phones are becoming a part of the microelec... ...ersity of California Press, 1995. - â€Å"Organizing the Valley.† Silicon Valley biz ink. 2003. Silicon Valley Business Ink. 14 Oct. 2003 . - Orr, Andrea. â€Å"Ex-IBM Worker Says He Lost His Sense of Smell.† Yahoo! News. 2003 - Yahoo! Inc. 13 Nov. 2003 . - Siegel, Lenny. â€Å"New Chips in Old Skins: Work and Labor in Silicon Valley.† Global Productions—Labor in the Making of the â€Å"Information Society†. Ed. Gerald Sussman & John A. Lent. New Jersey: Hampton Press Inc., 1998. - â€Å"Silicon Valley Companies.† San Jose/Silicon Valley Websites. 2002 San Jose/Silicon Valley Websites. 13 Nov. 2003 .

A Comparison of High School and College :: Compare Contrast Comparring Essays

School plays an important role in our lives. Many people will spend more than fifteen years at school in order to get the qualifications that are required to work in a specific field. Those years are broken down into several levels, some of them being more enjoyable than others. Two very important levels that people go through are high school and college. Even though some think that these levels are almost the same, there are significant differences between them. The cost of high school is not the same as the cost of college. Also, some differences apply from an academic point of view. Typically, the social environment also differs from high school to college, which can be related to the question of freedom versus responsibility. High school and college are different in many ways. It is true to say that college is more expensive than high school. Of course, it provides a higher level of education, but that expensive fees make it hard for those that come from low income families. At college you also have to buy books where in high school you borrow them from the school. Paying for education can get expensive, but some people pay even more than imaginable. Some cities do not have colleges, so students that want a higher education have to move away to another city where they can get a higher education. This often involves paying for an apartment, food and transportation. However, the cost is not the only thing to consider when comparing high school to college. As college provides a higher level of education, the amount of homework increases. At high school, where it is more of a general education, the time spent at home doing homework is a lot less. This does not mean that in high school, t here is no work; it just means that it is a lot easier in some sense. At college you can also choose from subjects related to your field of study if you desired. There are also some differences between the social environment of students at high school and students at college. Since college students have more work to do at home, they have a limit on the time they can spend outside of school.

How to Make Ski Wax :: Process Essays

Ingredients and formula for super fast ,all temp, racing ski wax:(1) 5 lbs of paraffin wax(I use a 160 degree melt temperature wax) (2) 1/2 lb of paraflint wax hardener (3) a bar of Ivory soap (4) a regular size tube of Crest high fluoride toothpaste (5)a heaping tablespoon of spruce gum(resin from a spruce tree) The paraffin and paraflint hardener can be easily and cheaply obtained from most candle supply companies.The soap and toothpaste are easy enough.The spruce gum can be obtained from any specie of spruce tree.It exudes from wounds in the bark or broken branches.Make sure it is soft and clean,free from any dirt or bark.Spruce trees are common in many towns and suburban areas.Check ones near roads that have been recently pruned or ask the landowner permission to collect some from their tree.A lot of spruce on lawns have the bottom branches pruned. Use a pocket knife or spoon and a small jar with lid to collect the gum. In addition to these ingredients you will also need: An outdoor cookstove or grill ,a freezer,a large and small cooking pot,stove mitts,a butterknife,a cheesegrater,a handheld mixer/blender,a clock or watch,a bowl,and a few of the cheap pie tins or tin bread molds to pour the liquid wax into. CAUTION:MELTING WAX CAN BE VERY DANGEROUS.IT IS ADVISABLE TO HAVE SOMEONE ELSE PRESENT WHEN MAKING THIS WAX.MELT IT OUTDOORS AWAY FROM BUILDINGS TO AVOID FIRE.KEEP CHILDREN AND ANIMALS AWAY. Step1-Put the pie tins or tin bread molds in the freezer to get them cold. Step2-With the cheesegrater, finely grate the entire bar of soap into the bowl. Step3-With the butterknife thinly spread the spruce gum on one side of all the bars of paraffin.(To make this easier you may need to warm the gum near a gentle heat source) Step4-Pour the paraflint into the small cooking pot,put it on the burner and turn on the flame(low heat). Step5-Put a bar of paraffin in the big cooking pot(gum side up),put it on the burner and turn on the flame(high heat).When the bar melts put in another and when that melts another†¦until all are melted.(If any impurities rise to the top,skim them off with a spoon or mesh spoon.There shouldn’t be any if the gum is clean.) Step6-As soon as all bars of wax are melted begin blending the wax and gum while pouring in the soap.Continue blending.(high speed) Step7-When the soap and wax are thoroughly blended, squeeze the entire tube of toothpaste into the mixture while blending and continue to blend until the toothpaste is thoroughly incorporated into the mixture.

What Makes Me a True Filipino

WHAT MAKES ME A TRUE FILIPINO? ORIGIN: According to Sociology, Filipino is a hodgepodge, a mixture of primitive strains ( Negrito, Ita, Aeta); eastern strains (Indonesian, Chinese, Japanese) and western strains ( Spanish, English, American). primitive strains + eastern strains + western strains = A FILIPINO Therefore, we Filipinos are unified from different races. . I may say that I’m a Filipino. VALUES: Some says Filipinos are wonderful people. We are friendly, loving, caring, family oriented, loves adventures, talented, religious, etc. They are also hardworking. We are hospitable, that’s the no. 1 thing most common in our personality. We are also jolly people. . I may say that I’m a Filipino. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: Filipinos are known for flat, small or big nose; medium or tan skin (kayumanggi); black hair and who are small ones etc. I may say that I’m a Filipino because I have those. We are plenty of gorgeous Filipino men and women out there who have unique appearances†¦ But some are ashamed with their beauties. When you disrespect the traits of your ancestors, you are only insulting yourself. MANNERISM AND PERSONALITY TRAITS: Filipinos point with their lips. They eat with their hand and have it down as a technique. They nod their head upwards to greet someone. They put their foot up on their chair and rest their elbows on their knees while you eat. etc I may say that I’m a Filipino. VOCABULARY: Filipinos say ‘Aray' instead of ‘ouch’. They make acronyms for phrases: ‘OA' = overacting, ‘DOM' = dirty old man, and ‘TNT' for†¦ You know. They also pronounce the ff. words: ‘Hippopo-TA-mus', ‘com-FOR-table', ‘Bro-CO-li', and ‘Montgo-marry Ward'. Filipinos say ‘Ay' or â€Å"Uy† instead of ‘oops' etc. I may say that I’m a Filipino. CLOTHING AND APPEARANCE: Filipinos – There's Angelique eyeliner and Johnson's Baby Powder compacts lurking in your makeup drawer. They check labels on clothes to see where it's made. Their ponytail ribbon covers half your head. I may say that I’m a Filipino. These are some ways to know you are Filipino. It is very interesting. It is quite funny but we must admit that we are one of them. And regardless of all this, WE are FILIPINO for life.

Internal public relations action plan Essay

Introduction In the fierce competition like happens in the automobile industry, automobile manufacturers are to take strategic decisions in order to ensure that their automobile products match exactly their customers’ needs. This is true as we can learn from several well-known automobile manufacturers, especially high-end ones; that their excellent financial achievement is the result of prolonged customer-oriented strategy that company has implemented for years and also the outcome of customers’ intimacy or retention. The situation suggests that in order to succeed in competition, automobile manufacturers need to develop customer-oriented marketing in order to win customers’ hearts, generate more revenue, and expectedly gain bigger profits. To generate revenue or sales, a company needs to communicate any plans, programs, or events to customers so that they are aware of the company’s program. However, it often happens a misunderstanding when customers complain to a company’s officer regarding a program due to lack of knowledge of the running program or offering. Therefore, communications of products, program, or offering do not only address external entities (customers, dealers, retailers) but also internal entities (employees like security officers, back office people and many others). Concerning the many faces of communication activities, this paper will present a internal public relations plan for products of Burt’s Bees Inc. Prior to providing details of the action plan for Burt’s Bees; I will discuss the elements of creating the communication and the company’s background to obtain the insight about the nature of the company’s business. 2. Communications Plan In order to reach optimum results in marketing a company’s products, the corporation should take into consideration a fundamental procedure of successful communication plan that is developing and implementing a communication plan. This is imperative since customers (external entities) and employees (internal entities) need to be informed about what a company offers to customers. Basically, a communication plan provides complete tools for a company to conduct actions that will support efforts necessary to implement the company communication strategy. In addition, the communication plan also helps the company to reach and understand the target audiences while finding the best approaches to engage them into endless business deals. This is imperative since communicating products to internal executives may be much different from that to employees or customers. For example, internal executives like chief executive officer (CEO) or chief financial officer (CFO) may be interested in seeing revenue and profit that are generated by a program. Meanwhile, customers may be interested in knowing the benefits of the program and pricing plan. Regardless the audiences of internal public relation action plan, generally, it composes of five items; they are Issues, Action, Accountability, Delivery Date, Measurement/Quality Control, and Communication medium. 3. Background of Burt’s Bees Inc. Burt’s Bees was established in 1984 and reside in the cyber world at http://www. burtsbees. com/. The company’s objective is to be a company that manufactures environmentally-friendly products. Roxanne Quimby and a beekeeper named Burt Shavitz are two people behind the birth of Burt’s Bees Inc. The company’s first line products include candles and lip balm, which are made from beeswax and other natural ingredients (â€Å"Burt’s Bees, Inc. Company Profile,† 2005).

Asia in Word War II Essay

World War II was the war that was supposed to end all wars. If one was an eyewitness of the said event more than 50 years ago, it is hard not to agree. The scale of the war was unprecedented. Millions of men and women were involved either as fighting in the front lines, being part of the support crew and team or by working as factory workers that supplied equipment and munitions. It was truly a global war because significant battles were fought not only in Europe but also in Asia. What the Nazis were to Europe, the Japanese Imperial Army was to Asia. They were a dominant force in countries such as China and Korea. They were able to terrorize and subjugate these two countries but it is not only in these territories that they flexed their military might. They also went southeast. This paper will look into the Japanese occupation of Southeast Asian countries: a) Philippines; b) Indonesia; c) Thailand; and d) Vietnam. The paper will attempt to find how the people from different regions and nations reacted towards Japanese occupation. Whether the people accepted Japanese rule or rejected them the factors and forces that are working for and against the Japanese will also be investigated. Occupying Force It does not require a rocket scientist or a gray-haired historian to realize that no people or nation will be delighted to find a foreign and invading army on their front yard the following morning. It is just plain unacceptable to find someone or something that disrupting someone’s routine. In the case of an occupying army the distraction and the aggravation is multiplied many times over. At the onset it can generally be said that no one – not even nice people fifty years earlier – would provide a red carpet welcome for the invading imperial forces. But a basic understanding of human nature can tell the first time researcher that in times of war the most basic human instinct that kicks in is self-preservation and that he will do everything to make his lot better even for his family. The following will discuss the situation in four Asian countries located in the southeast. All have similarities and also differences. For example, the Philippines was already under U. S. rule although it was being groomed for independence from the Americans. There was a significant military presence and for decades the Filipinos – at least the elite and others who occupy important positions – were collaborating with the Americans on various political issues. Vietnam was under French forces and based on the review of literature one can easily detect the dislike of the Vietnamese for their French rulers. This may explain their ambivalence over the Japanese occupation. Thailand on the other hand did not have a long history of colonization that may also have affected their view of the incoming Japanese forces. Indonesia was at the beginning stages of forming their national identity and the coming of the Japanese made for an interesting mix that generally favored the Indonesians. A more in-depth look will be found in the following pages. Elite vs. Peasants An accurate understanding on the effects of the Japanese Imperial Army’s occupation of the southeast region of Asia will not be possible without first understanding the role of the different social classes. Asia fifty or more years ago had a hierarchical society where the gap between rich and poor is so distinct. There were landed nobles and there were peasants doing back breaking labor. When the Japanese came, the invading army was like an equalizer of some sort. There are no rich and poor for the aggressor who is bent on subjugating a populace. For the Japanese soldier everyone is a Filipino, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Thai. Everyone are considered as the enemy which with the slightest advantage will not hesitate to overthrow or rout the occupying forces. But there are numerous sources and documentary evidence that can prove connivance between the ruling elites of the land and the invading army. This is not hard to understand because a wise general will always recognize the clout and capability of the members of the higher social classes in terms of helping them control the situation or on the opposite end aid others in setting up a guerilla movement to harass them. It then became a tricky political and social arrangement between the Japanese and the elite members of society who can be so practical in their outlook that they will be willing to be complicit with the enemy because there is no point in continually opposing their presence. This is the case of all Southeast Asian nations mentioned earlier. Atrocities Another factor that needs to be discussed first before going into the detailed description of local events is the mental and emotional baggage carried around by all the nations in the region even before the coming of the Japanese. This burden that they carry is the idea that the imperial army’s ranks are filled with blood-thirsty and sex crazed officers and men that will mutilate any nation that they will occupy. Before the bombing of the Pearl Harbor – which is the clear and irrevocable signal that the Japanese were in league with Hitler and Mussolini – the Japanese already showed signs of Nazi like ambitions. While Hitler wanted to gain control of Europe, Japan displayed its liking for Asian domination and so in 1937 the said army invaded China. In Nanking the world saw what Japanese soldiers are capable of when let loose in enemy territory. The following is an eyewitness account of what happened in the days following their invasion of China and it will be known later as the infamous Nanking Massacre: Foreigners who have traveled over the city report many civilians’ bodies lying in the streets †¦ A considerable percentage of the dead civilians were the victims of shooting or bayoneting in the afternoon and evening of the 13th, which was the time of Japanese entry into the city. Any person who ran in fear or excitement, and any one who was caught in streets or alleys after dusk by roving patrols was likely to be killed on the spot. Most f the severity was beyond even theoretical excuse. It proceeded in the Safety Zone as well as elsewhere, and many cases are plainly witnessed by foreigners and reputable Chinese. Some bayonet wounds were barbarously cruel (Zhang, 2001, p. 4). This kind of report will easily spread throughout the Asian region and it would have easily filtered to the local population of every nation. This will explain the reason why there are those who steeled themselves for Japanese invasion and vowed never to be under Japanese rule. Zhang argues that if the Nanking Massacre did not happen, the Japanese Army would have expected a far better reception in other countries but the atrocities in China was well known and he wrote, â€Å"At Nanking the Japanese Army has lost much of its reputation, and has thrown away a remarkable opportunity to gain the respect †¦ of foreign opinion† (p. 4, 2001).

Scientific Inquiry in Early Ch essays

Scientific Inquiry in Early Ch essays Scientific Inquiry in Early Childhood Education What is your definition of science? Science, as I see it, is a participating, active procedure that can be defined for us by using the science PROCESSES, just as science CONTENT can be defined by listing the knowledge obtained during the activity. What do the terms SCIENCE PROCESS and SCIENCE CONTENT mean to teachers of young children? It means that we should be aware of the different ways that these two (2) parts of science should be taught. SCIENCE CONTENT, the knowledge of science, can be taught in a vacuum and just memorized. Many of us learned part of our science that way. For some of us that style of learning was painful because we needed concrete experience upon which to hook information that we were to learn. If we were lucky we learned science names and definitions in an active context where we applied each to an experiment we had done. Our young children are unable to accomplish high level abstract thinking; however, knowledge of these process (work) skills of science by the teacher can allow you to develop pre-process or process entry skills. Let us keep in mind that we dont teach reading to three (3) and four (4) year old children, we develop their pre-reading skills. Just as in pre-reading, science process skills have entry or pre-skills that can be used with children to enhance their science success later in elementary school; that is, you can teach them to science. Another good rule-of-thumb in kindergarten science is to keep it process-oriented. Learning content is important, but the method by which children understand and integrate concepts deserves just as much of our respect and attention. The process of science investigation include: By touching, listening, changing, shaking, pouring, and so on, children notice the properties of objects. Teachers can help them articulate their observations, which wi...

Asthma Essay Example

Asthma Essay Example Asthma Essay Asthma Essay projected addition from 45 % at present to 59 % by 2025 in urban populations have been estimated. A attendant addition in the incidence of asthma is besides anticipated ( Bousquet et al, 2005 ) . The prevalence of asthma in the UK is peculiarly high with 5.2 million people affected ( Asthma UK, 2004 ) . It is of peculiar concern that asthma is now the major chronic unwellness of childhood with an norm of 15–20 % of kids in Europe being affected ( Smyth, 2002 ) compared with 8.6 % of grownups ( European Lung Federation, 2003 ) . The fiscal load of asthma in the European Union sums to about ˆ17.7 billion or ?12.1 billion yearly, and loss of productiveness due to hapless asthma control is estimated at ˆ9.8 billion ( ?6.7 billion ) ( European Lung Federation, 2003 ) ..The causes of asthma can be chiefly familial ( host factors ) although environmental factors can besides lend greatly to the etiology of the disease. Clinicians and research workers involved in asthma survei es resort to features of the disease that can be measured objectively, such as immediate allergy ( manifested as the presence of positive skin-prick trials or the clinical response to common environmental allergens ) , airway hyperresponsiveness ( the inclination of air passages to contract overly in response to triggers that have small or no consequence in normal persons ) , and other steps of allergic sensitisation ( GINA 2006 ) . The familial and environmental factors are besides though to act upon a person’s hazard of developing asthma. Disabling onslaughts of terrible dyspnoea, coughing, and wheezing triggered by sudden episodes of bronchospasm are common experience of patients with asthma. In some patients, the onslaughts may be triggered by exercising and cold or by exposure to an allergen to which the patient has antecedently been sensitized, but frequently no trigger may be identified. In add-on patients may be virtually symptomless between onslaughts ( Husain and Ku mar 2004 ) .PathogenesisThe major etiologic factors of asthma are familial sensitivity to type I hypersensitivity ( atopy ) , acute and chronic air passage redness, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness ( Husain and Kumar 2004 ) . The redness involves many cell types and legion inflammatory go-betweens(Vogel 1997 ) , but the precise relationship of specific inflammatory cells and the go-betweens to airway hyperreactivity is still non to the full understood ( Husain and Kumar 2004 ) . Type 2 assistant T ( THydrogen2 ) cells, a type of CD4+ assistant T cell, are outstanding constituents of the bronchial redness. THydrogen2 cells secrete interleukins that promote allergic redness and stimulate B cells to bring forth IgE and other antibodies. In contrast, type 1 assistant T ( THydrogen1 ) cells, the other category of CD4+ T cells, produce interferon-? and interleukin-2, which initiate the violent death of viruses and other intracellular beings by triping macrophages and cytotoxic T cells. These two subgroups of assistant T cells arise in response to different immunogenic stimulations and cytokines, and they constitute an immunoregulatory cringle: cytokines from THydrogen1 cells inhibit THydrogen2 cells, and frailty versa ( Fig.1 ) ( Schwartz 2002 ) . An instability in this mutual agreement is though to be cardinal cause of asthma ( Husain and Kumar 2004 ) .Figure 1:A simplified strategy of the system of type 1 assistant T ( THydrogen1 ) and type 2 assistant ( THydrogen2 ) cells. The distinction of THydrogen1 and THydrogen2 cells depends on interleukin-12 and interleukin-4, cytokines produced by antigen-stimulated precursor CD4 T cells. In a regulative cringle, interferon-? from THydrogen1 cells inhibits THydrogen2 cells and interleukin-4 from THydrogen2 cells inhibits THydrogen1 cells. An instability that favors THydrogen2 cells may be of import in asthma. Bronchial lymph cells from patients with asthma have been found to miss T-bet, a written text factor required f or the production of interferon-? ( IFN-? ) by ThymineHydrogen1 cells. (Husain and Kumar 2004 ;Schwartz 2002 )In add-on to the inflammatory responses mediated by THydrogen2 type cells, asthma is characterized by structural alterations in the bronchial wall, referred to as airway reconstructing. These include grounds for the proliferation of bronchial smooth musculus cells and deposition of sub-epithelial collagen ( Husain and Kumar 2004 ) .Atopic or allergic asthma, the most common type of asthma, normally begins in childhood. The disease is triggered by environmental antigens, such as dusts, pollens, carnal dander, and nutrients, but potentially any antigen is implicated. A positive household history of immediate allergy is common, and wheezing onslaughts are frequently preceded by allergic coryza, urticaria, or eczema. In any instance, a skin trial with the piquing antigen in these patients consequences in an immediate wheal-and-flare reaction, a authoritative illustration of ty pe I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. In the air passages, the scene for the reaction is set in big portion by initial sensitisation to inhaled antigens ( allergens ) , which stimulate initiation of THydrogen2-type cells that release cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-5. These cytokines, in bend, promote IgE production by B cells, growing of mast cells ( IL-4 ) , and growing and activation of eosinophils ( IL-5 ) . Subsequent IgE-mediated reaction to inhaled allergens elicits an acute response and a late-phase reaction ( Fig 2 ) .Figure 2:A theoretical account for allergic asthma.A, Inhaled allergens ( antigen ) elicit a ThymineHydrogen2-dominated response prefering IgE production and eosinophil enlisting ( priming or sensitisation ) .Bacillus, On re-exposure to antigen ( Ag ) , the immediate reaction is triggered by Ag-induced cross-linking of IgE edge to IgE receptors on mast cells in the air passages. These cells release preformed go-betweens that unfastened tight junctions bet ween epithelial cells. Antigen can so come in the mucous membrane to trip mucosal mast cells and eosinophils, which in bend release extra go-betweens. Jointly, either straight or via neural physiological reactions, the go-betweens induce bronchospasm, increased vascular permeableness, and mucus production and enroll extra mediator-releasing cells from the blood.C, The reaching of recruited leucocytes ( neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils ; besides lymphocytes and monocytes signals the induction of the late stage of asthma and a fresh unit of ammunition of go-between release from leucocytes, endothelium, and epithelial cells. Factors, peculiarly from eosinophils ( e.g. , major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein ) , besides cause harm to the epithelial tissue( From Husain and Kumar 2004 ) .In the instance of airborne antigens for illustration, the reaction begins with the sensitisation of mast cells on the mucosal surface following the inspiration of an allergen e.g pollen ; the end point go-between release opens the mucosal intercellular tight junctions and enhances incursion of antigen to the more legion submucosal mast cells. In add-on, direct stimulation of subepithelial vagal ( parasympathetic ) receptors provokes bronchoconstriction through both cardinal and local physiological reactions ( including those mediated by unmyelinated centripetal C fibres ) . This occurs within proceedingss after stimulation and is called the ague, or immediate, response, which consists of bronchoconstriction, hydrops ( owing to increased vascular permeableness ) , mucus secernment, and, in utmost cases, hypotension. Mast cells besides release cytokines that cause the inflow of other leucocytes, including neutrophils and monocytes, lymph cells, basophils, and peculiarly eosinophils ( IL-5 ) . These inflammatory cells set the phase for the late-phase reaction, which starts 4 to 8 hours subsequently and may prevail for 12 to 24 hours or moreThe late-phase reaction, as was noted earlier, is mediated by the drove of leucocytes recruited by the chemotactic factors and cytokines derived from mast cells during the acute-phase response ( Galli 1997 ) . However, go-betweens can besides be produced by other cells in the affected bronchial tube, including ( 1 ) inflammatory cells that are already present in asthmatics enduring a perennial onslaught, ( 2 ) vascular endothelium, or ( 3 ) airway epithelial cells. Epithelial cells are now known to bring forth a big assortment of cytokines in response to infective agents, drugs, and gases every bit good as to inflammatory go-betweens ( Shelhamer et al 1995 ) . This 2nd moving ridge of go-betweens stimulates the late reaction. For illustration, eotaxin, produced by airway epithelial cells, is a powerful chemoattractant and activator of eosinophils ( Lilly et al 1995 ) . The major basic protein of eosinophils, in bend, causes epithelial harm ( Shelhamer et al 1995 ) and airway bottleneck ( Costa et al 1997 ) . The presence of both immediate and delayed reactions in IgE-mediated events helps to explicate the drawn-out manifestations of asthma ( Husain and Kumar 2004 ) ..Clinical DiagnosisThe presence of cough, thorax stringency and wheeze ( normally diffuse, polyphonic, bilateral and peculiarly expiratory ) are a central marks of asthma. Measurements of lung map ( spirometry or peak expiratory flow ) provide an appraisal of the badness of airflow restriction, its reversibility, and its variableness, and supply verification of the diagnosing of asthma. Measurements of allergic position can assist to place hazard factors that cause asthma symptoms in single patients ( BTS/SIGN 2004 ) . Excess steps may be required to name asthma in kids 5 old ages and younger and in the aged, and occupational asthma. GINA ( 2006 ) guideline indicates that measurings of airflow restriction, its reversibility and its variableness are critical in set uping a clear diagnosing of asthma and underlie the new asthm a direction schemes advocated in current attention guidelines.Control MeasuresIt is ever cheaper and more effectual to forestall than to handle the symptoms of asthma. Preventive steps are normally taken by patients to avoid substances that might arouse an allergic reaction, this step will normally besides require that the patient controls his or her life or work environment to avoid allergen capable of arousing a reaction. A finding of the allergens or groups of allergens to which the patient is sensitive to is normally the first measure in preventative direction. Allergen may be easy evitable for illustration hair strands of cat, Equus caballus, Canis familiaris or bird plumes. There are persons who are allergic to nutrient additives or nutrient types such as caprine animal milk, nuts, strawberries and certain comestible oils ; others asthma patient are allergic to grasses, trees, harvests and flowers, fungous spores, aerosol sprays. Some allergens such as airborne environmental p ollutants are hard to avoid, others such as house dust touch are an built-in portion of day-to-day life for some patient. Preventive steps will in these instances be aimed at minimising instead than wholly avoid contact ( Thompson 1995 ) .Pharmacological interventions of asthmaThe end of asthma intervention is to accomplish and keep clinical control. Medicines that are available for the intervention of asthma can be classified as symptom accountants or stand-ins. Reliever medicines are normally used when needed such as when it is necessary to rapidly change by reversal bronchoconstriction and alleviate its symptoms. A figure of pharmacological drug categories may be classified as stand-ins, these include inhaled anticholinergics, short-acting Elixophyllin, rapid-acting inhaled i?2 agonists and short-acting unwritten i?2-agonists. On the other manus, accountant medicines meditates anti-inflammatory effects and are taken daily on a long-run footing to maintain asthma under clinical co ntrol. Inhaled and systemic corticoids, leukotriene qualifiers, sustained-release Elixophyllin, cromones, anti-IgE, long-acting inhaled i?2-agonists in combination with inhaled glucocorticosteroids, and other systemic steroid-sparing therapies may be classified as accountant medicines. The inflammatory response, attendant bronchial hyper-responsiveness, and variable airflow obstructor in asthma are extremely antiphonal to inhaled corticoids, positioning these drugs as first-line accountant therapy for this disease ( Holgate 2006 ) . Inhaled glucocorticosteroids are therefore the most effectual accountant medicines presently available ( GINA 2006 ; BTS/SIGN 2004 )Inhaled corticoidsInhaled glucocorticosteroids are presently the most effectual anti-inflammatory medicines for the intervention of relentless asthma. Surveies have demonstrated their efficaciousness in cut downing asthma symptoms, bettering quality of life, bettering lung maps, diminishing airway hyperresponsiveness, comman ding airway redness, cut downing frequence and badness of aggravations, and cut downing asthma mortality. However, when they are discontinued impairment of clinical control follows within hebdomads to months in a proportion of patients ( GINA 2006 ; BTS/SIGN 2004 ) .Most of the benefit from inhaled glucocorticosteroids is achieved in grownups at comparatively low doses, tantamount to 400 milligram of budesonide per twenty-four hours ( Powell and Gibson 2003 ) . Increasing to higher doses provides small farther benefit in footings of asthma control but in long term, increases the hazard of side effects such as easy bruising ( Mak et al 1992 ) , adrenal suppression ( Brown et al 1993 ) , and decreased bone mineral denseness ( Powell and Gibson 2003 ; Szefler et Al 2002 ; Pauwels et Al 1998 ) . However, there is marked single variableness of reactivity to inhaled glucocorticosteroids and because of this and the recognized hapless attachment to intervention with inhaled glucocorticoster oids, many patients will necessitate higher doses to accomplish full curative benefit ( GINA 2006 ; BTS/SIGN 2004 ) .Whilst inhaled corticoids are efficaciously front line drives in the control of asthma, non compliant usage of these groups of drugs will mostly take to intervention failures. How can asthma patients be helped to agree with the consistent usage of inhaled corticoids? First, we examine the issue of harmony ; thenceforth the treatment will concentrate on how several factors can be optimised to advance harmony.HarmonyThere are a figure of grounds why an asthma patient may non follow with therapy. In practical footings, this may go around around the belief about medical specialties in general troubles, for illustration that medical specialties are unnatural, ever with side effects or harmful ; such fright may be echt for inhaled corticoids therapy as there may be grounds to propose possible inauspicious consequence. The patient may fear that the therapy or drug will be ha bit-forming, or that their effects will have on off over clip. Asthma patients may besides neglect to follow with therapy if they lack equal information about their status and particularly about the importance of the therapy. It may besides be hard to foretell the conformity of an asthma patient if therapy interferes with his or her day-to-day life or as a consequence of age, some signifier of disablement or other fortunes or conditions, there is trouble in accessing medicine from the pharmaceutics, opening containers and efficaciously utilizing bringing devices or in retrieving to take medical specialties.As Marinker and Joanne ( 2003 ) justly puts it, the trouble for wellness professionals lies in admiting that it is the patients’ dockets and non their ain that determine whether patients take medical specialties. Patients have their ain beliefs about their medical specialties and medical specialties in general. They have their ain precedences and their ain rational discours e in relation to wellness and attention, hazard and benefit. These may differ from and sometimes contradict those of the physicians. They are, nevertheless, no less telling, consistent, or of import. Hence, it has in recent times become of import to look at patients’ failure to follow through with intervention as possibly a effect of the failure of the patients-prescribers relationship ( Marinker et al 1997 ) . Thus accent is now focused on a ensuring that a patient concurs with therapy as opposed to believing that he or she should adhere to intervention. The term harmony was introduced on the footing of these findings and penetrations ; it is a new manner to specify the procedure of successful prescribing and medical specialty pickings, based on partnership. While conformity describes the grade to which the patient follows the prescribed regimen of medical specialties, harmony describes an understanding between a patient and a healthcare professional about whether, when, and how medical specialties are to be taken. Concordance therefore refers to the creative activity of an understanding that respects the beliefs and wants of the patient, and non to compliance- the followers of instructions ( Marinker and Joanne 2003 ) . Annandale and Hunt ( 1998 ) express similar sentiments ; they suggest that many patients today will take intervention related actions based on informed determinations instead than following with medical advice or direction without oppugning every bit has been the instance in the yesteryear.Achieving harmony in Inhaled Corticosteriod therapyBy using the function of nursesOwing to the chronic nature of asthma, nurses are more likely to construct up a curative and swearing relationship over clip with their patient. This relationship is critical for the declaration of several issues related to harmony ; Barnett ( 2007 ) every bit highlighted the function of nurses in accomplishing harmony in patients with a similar chronic disease.Intellig ibly, asthma patients are more comfy in discoursing their concerns with nurses who by and large have more cognition of the assorted asthma interventions and inhalators available than many general practicians. Again this may non be unrelated to the greater contact nurses make with these patients. Practice nurses and respiratory nurse specializers besides tend to hold longer clip slots than General Practitioners or advisers in a busy outpatient clinic, and are hence able to supply the relevant cognition and information related to the patient’s status and explicate the principle for the intervention prescribed ( Barnett 2007 ) . Nurse-led clinical intercessions and place visits by specializer nurses combined with educational programmes have showed important benefits in cut downing readmission rates and bettering harmony ( Sayer, 1999 ) . In pattern, accomplishing harmony in inhaled corticosteriod therapy will necessitate a assortment of accomplishment of clinicians and possibly several good individualised as no one size can suit all.By optimizing patients’ apprehensionWhen patients are good educated about their asthma and therapy, they are more likely to follow with their intervention. It is important, possibly cardinal for clinicians non to presume at each audience. Clinicians should needfully measure and set up what an asthma patient understands about the cause/s, triggers or annoyances of his or her status and symptoms, every bit good as the cognition he or she have in relation to his or her medicine and the direction of his or her status. One manner to salvage on clip that such as an effectual audience will affect is to roll up outstanding patient and intervention advancement information prior to audience. A questionnaire may be sent out to patients ; this should be returned and evaluated before existent audience. The questionnaire should be able to uncover any cognition spread in patient’s apprehension and besides measure the patientâ₠¬â„¢s single demands sing the information they require to enable them to self pull off their disease with inhaled corticoid therapy.At each audience it is good pattern to promote patients to convey along their inhalators and a list of the medicines they are taking, and to double-check this against their printed prescription. Finding out precisely in what manner, when and how the patient is taking all their prescribed medicine utilizing open-ended inquiries is really of import. For illustration, Can you state me when and how frequently you use your Pulmicort through your turbohaler? ’ instead than taking the patient by inquiring: Do you take two whiffs of your turbohaler four times a twenty-four hours ( when you get up, at lunch period, afternoon tea and bedtime and if you get dyspneic in between following effort ) ’ ? A patient is more likely to merely state YES’ to the latter inquiries since this agrees with the heath professional’s outlook, therefore su ch type of inquiries do non let for an accurate appraisal of patient competences in utilizing their inhalator and will forestall insight into possible issues that the patients may hold with the corticoid itself. The audience can besides be used to measure if the patient’s inhalator technique is equal, and if it is non, to discourse an alternate device if they are fighting to trip or organize the 1 they have. From experience, if the patient is able to utilize their inhalator efficaciously, has assurance in the device and later obtains benefit or alleviation, they are more likely to be accordant with their intervention ( Barnett 2007 ) .Current BTS/SIGN ( 2004 ) every bit good as GINA ( 2005 ) guidelines on the direction of asthma recognize that every asthma audience is an chance to reexamine, reinforce and widen both cognition and accomplishments of patients. No uncertainty, it is besides reassuring for patient to experience the attention and understanding of their attention s uppliers, as this will rapidly prosecute their cooperation for the success of therapy. It is good for wellness attention professional to explicate to patients that they are acute to cognize if inhaled corticosteriod therapy is truly good to the patients, attempt should be made to measure consequence of the therapy on patients’ life style every bit good as quality of life. Consultations are besides a good juncture to promote patients’ remarks on emotional or other non-medical factors that may forestall the patient from genuinely agring with therapy. It is critical that the ambiance is really relaxed since clinicians want the patient to freely volunteer information that are of import and besides want to negociate an understanding that the patient will lend actively to the success of the therapy.By effectual communicatingIt can be hard sometimes to make up ones mind how much information to give single patients, bearing in head that most tend to retrieve merely 50 % of the information given during a audience. Therefore, it is imperative that the information provided is personalized and good spaced over and delivered in patient friendly linguistic communication. It ever helps to utilize ocular AIDSs and coloured diagrams to enable the patient to associate to and understand the information given. Simple accounts are best, being specific and sum uping at the terminal of the treatment, which is supported by cusps for the patient to take away, if appropriate. It is besides utile to compose drug regimens down utilizing simple image charts or written instructions bespeaking times and doses of the inhalator prescribed to assist those patients who are prone to forgetfulness or confusion over when to utilize their inhalators and in what sequence ( Barnett 2007 ) .Key end for the control of asthma include 1 ) minimal symptoms during twenty-four hours and dark ( 2 ) minimal demand for reliever medicine ( 2 ) no aggravations ( 3 ) no restriction of physical activ ity ( BTS/SIGN 2004 ) . Cardinal to this end is the asthma patient’s to agree with chosen intervention or direction options. For the most portion, this can be achieved through holistic nursing attention. Thompson ( 1995 ) suggested that this signifier of nursing asthma patients will include: ( 1 ) proviso of instruction about asthma ( 2 ) the publicity of self-management and ( 3 ) the proviso advice and support. Asthma patient instruction should non be aimed at merely leaving medical facts but to learn and pass on efficaciously with a position to advance harmony. Nurses spend an tremendous sum of quality with patients ; these together with their supportive attitude to patients can be put into optimum usage to further harmony in inhaled corticosteriod therapy. Surveies have similarly shown that nurses are good placed to accomplish these ends ( Mathieson 1992 ; Wilson-Barnett and Osbourne 1983 ) .Listen twice every bit muchIn kernel, until single patients’ concerns are a ddressed, they may stay loath to take their intervention as advised until they feel satisfied with the account given or have a better apprehension of their disease and intervention. Health professionals, hence, have an of import function to play in actively listening to their patients’ concerns or specific grounds as to why they are non taking their medicine as prescribed ( Barnett 2007 ) . Figure. 3Self regulative theoretical account from Cameron 2003 Patients’ representations of unwellness ( Fig 3 ) as defined by Cameron in ( 2003 ) may be adapted for the chronic status of asthma. Cameron ( 2003 ) defined such readings as a patient s ain implicit, common sense beliefs about their unwellness. In explicating how a patient might see his or her unwellness, Cameron ( 2003 ) suggested that patients’ thoughts about their unwellness may be clustered around a figure of constituents which may include the following for an asthma patient: The societal or general label of asthma and the symptoms the patients view as being portion of asthma. Patients’ positions about what may hold caused their status of asthma, such as familial factors, hapless diet, injury, allergens etc. Patients’ position about how long their job will last and whether it is seen as, chronic or episodic. Consequences: these include the effects asthma patients are anticipating from their unwellness and their positions on the result. Cure/control: Asthma patients’ outlooks as they control their asthma. These constituents are none inactive, for illustration Cameron ( 2003 ) opines they are likely to be influenced by the therapy the patients receive and these positions will in bend influence their perceptual experiences of therapy. However, these constituents make up the patients’ overall perceptual experience of their unwellness and it is utilizing this perceptual experience that the patients try to understand their unwellness, figure out how long it might last, make up ones mind what caused it, etc. It is likely that this perceptual experience may besides find how the patient positions therapy and how good they comply with intervention governments ( Cameron 2003 ) . Understanding how an asthma patient might ground out and accommodate or subject to his or her status is hence cardinal to the success of any attempt to accomplish harmony in inhaled corticoid therapy.For case, asthma patients are frequently concerned about the side or even inauspicious effects of inhaled corticoi ds. In pattern, many of these patients frequently fail to distinguish between the side effects of inhaled corticoids and those originating from the long-run usage of unwritten corticoids. It will be hard to accomplish harmony in these patients if such fears’ are non efficaciously allayed. Keeping harmony in these patients will amongst other factors depend on changeless reassurance of the comparatively low hazard of inhaled corticoids. It might be helpful to reassure these patients that the sum of steroid that gets into the blood stream via the inhaled path is really minimum and is improbable to bring forth any important systemic effects. Using a spacer device and gargling afterwards can greatly cut down any side-effects such as gruffness, oral cavity or pharynx infections that may ensue from inhaled steroids every bit good as increasing drug lung deposition. Additionally, the prescription of steroid saving medicines such as long moving bronchodilator or a leukotriene receptor adversary may be considered if clinical appraisals reveal marks or symptoms of existent concern. Wherever possible, clinician should endeavor to put patients on simplified dosage and government of inhaled corticoid. Patients may besides worry about other side effects which they read about in the cusps supplied with medicines or on the cyberspace or are told by friends and relations. In general, discoursing options or seeking solutions with the patient can easy turn to these concerns ( Barnett 2007 ) .Teenage or stripling asthmatics are a alone group of asthma patients for which it may be hard to accomplish harmony in inhaled corticoid therapy. Again, a careful consideration of the patient factors normally involved is deserving sing. The reappraisal of an asthma teenage patient by Cuffwright ( 2001 ) shed visible radiations on issues that virtue careful consideration if harmony is to be achieved in these patients. Adolescents strive to accomplish independency yet audiences largely t ake topographic point with a parent. Sensitive issues like this should be decently handled. Clinicians should move as to bespeak that they recognize that this patient group can every bit be responsible for the direction of their status with small or no support from their parents. A successful scheme has been to personally prosecute them in an grownup relationship within which they can get down to do their ain determinations ( Townsend et al, 1991 ) . Teenage asthmatics should therefore be actively involved in the control of their wheezing and be commended for any mile rock accomplishment in attention program. When attention options are discussed straight with teenage asthmatics and understanding reached through dialogue, they are less likely to yield to peer-pressure inauspicious risk-taking behavior. Most adolescents regard asthma as episodic and accept the demand to regularly usage an inspiration preventer. However, pattern nurse needs to inquire these patients about how they trul y feel about inhaled corticoid. Young asthma patients may confound corticoids with anabolic steroids used by jocks ; it is therefore of import that the perceptual experience of single patients within this age group is assessed and ins

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Scarlet Letter Symbolism Essays - English-language Films Scarlet Letter Symbolism Symbolism of The Scarlet Letter A symbol is a literary device which is employed to portray another object or individual. In the Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, it is most often a tangible object he uses to represent an undefined idea, complex in scope and significance. More times than not, it represents reverent, profound, or virtuous concepts of merit. From the substitution of one idea or object for another, to creations as massive, complex, and perplexing as the veil in the Minister's Black veil, are the domain symbols may encompass. Hawthorne's notable and unique use of the inanimate letter A, the scenery of the rose bush, and the settings of forest to make the characters -Hester, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth, and Pearl- into symbols in the novel in order to portray his moral and theme of: Be true. Be true. Be true! The red letter A is presented but whose meaning has to be deciphered. What does the letter mean? It is a question every character in the novel repeats who confront s the blatant red token and who has to deal with it. The letter A manifests in a variety of forms and places. Not only does the A manifest in various forms, but it also acquires a variety of meanings. It represents more than just the sin of adultery. Even as the original mark of adultery, the scarlet letter has a different individual meaning to the various characters. To Hester, the A is a symbol of unjust humiliation. The A magnifies in an armor breastplate at the Governor's mansion to exaggerated and gigantic proportions, so as to be acutely the most prominent feature of [Hester's] semblance. In truth, she emerges absolutely hidden behind it.. The A grows to be larger than Hester signifying the town's view of her sin. They do not see the human being behind the scarlet letter, they only see a sinner. For Hester, the A is not only a symbol of adultery, but also a symbol of alienation. She is an outcast from society and the women treat her differently by constantly sneering at her in public. The scarlet letter is a symbol of what society wants to see and the decision to create a relativity. The townspeople soon began to accept her and believe that letter had supernatural powers. They decide that it meant able; so strong was Hester Prynne, with a woman's strength, that they were allowing her to remove it. Their opinion and vision of the scarlet letter changes into its complete opposite within a short period of under ten year's time. This opinion conforms according to their worldly view of convenience. To the Puritan community, it is a mark of just punishment. In the beginning of the story the letter struck fear into the society's hearts. It symbolizes the unfair humiliation she endures, such as humiliation standing on the scaffold at noon in public view. The ornately gold-embroidered A on Hester's heart, at which Pearl throws wildflowers and decorates with a border of prickly burrs. To Pearl, the A is a bright and mysterious curiosity which symbolizes her existe nce and the meaning behind it. In mockery, Pearl creates an A on her chest made of green seaweed which represents purity and innocence, but also signifies Pearl's future as the daughter of sinner. For Chillingworth, the A represents the need for revenge and is the spur to this quest. To Dimmesdale, the A is a piercing reminder of his the guilt engulfing his concealed sin. It drives him to punish himself and endure Chillingworth's torture. In addition, the A also symbolizes attributes other than adultery. On the night of his vigil on the scaffold, Dimmesdale sees an immense red A in the sky. It symbolizes Angel when a great red letter in the sky, -the letter A, which [the townspeople] interpret to stand for angel, as it manifests in the sky on the night of Governor Winthrop's death. One of the most dramatic of the several A's the book hints at is the A so frequently seen earlier and which Dimmesdale finally reveals to be an A on his chest by most of the spectators who witness his con fession and death. At the

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Romantic Gestures for Long-Distance Relationships Dealing with a long-distance relationship? Wish you could do something that, despite the distance, lets your significant other feel like youre right there beside them? Check out these 5 places to start. Send flowers. It sounds old and cheesy, but it works. And you dont have to be sending flowers to a girl to make it work, either. Practically everyone including guys loves receiving flowers, and most florists offer arrangements specifically for the masculine type. An unexpected bouquet can cheer up someone and make them feel loved and appreciated for days on end.Send a care package. Who in college doesnt love a care package? It can be baked goods, music, or special mementos that celebrate your relationship. But no matter what it is, a care package is guaranteed to let someone know how you feel about them.Make and send a video. It can be sappy. It can be funny. It can be a video of you talking. It can be a video of things you guys have done together. It can even be a montage of photographs of the two of you over the course of your relationship. Regardless, it will be appreciated and cherished.Make a good, quality phone call. Amidst all you both have to do, spending a solid hour (or m ore!) on the phone, without distraction, can do wonders for your relationship. Making the time to have a phone date of sorts just may be enough to feel like youre not so far apart after all. Plan a surprise visit. It doesnt have to be for this weekend, and it may be months away. But knowing that a surprise visit is coming will warm your heart in the meantime and mean everything to your boyfriend or girlfriend when you arrive. (If you do go last minute, however, make sure you know how to get the best deals for college students.)

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Getting Ready for the Geography Bee The Geography Bee, more properly known as the National Geographic Bee, begins at the local level and winners work their way to the final competition in Washington D.C. The Geography Bee begins in schools with students from fourth through eighth grade across the United States in December and January. Each school Geography Bee champion takes a written test upon winning the Bee in their school. One hundred school winners from each state proceed to the State Level Finals in April, based on their scores on a written test scored by the National Geographic Society. The Geography Bee winner in each state and territory proceeds to the National Geographic Bee in Washington D.C. for a two-day competition in May. On the first day, the 55 state and territory (District of Columbia, the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, the Pacific Territories, and the overseas U.S. Department of Defense schools) winners are narrowed to a field of ten finalists. The ten finalists compete on day two and the winner is announced and wins a college scholarship. Prepping Yourself for the Bee What follows are my tips and techniques to help you prepare for the National Geographic Bee (formerly called the National Geography Bee but since the National Geographic Society is the organizer, they decided to change the name). Start with a world map, globe, and atlas and become very familiar with the continents, countries, states and provinces, islands, and major physical features of our planet.Use Outline Maps of the world and continents to test yourself on this information. Knowing the relative location of countries, islands, major water bodies, and major physical features is very important for the Bee. Be sure to also have a good understanding of where the major lines of latitude and longitude lie.Take as many practice quizzes as possible. My site offers an archive of hundreds of multiple-choice Geography Quizzes that will definitely help. National Geographic offers a daily GeoBee Quiz online. There are additional online quizzes in my Test Your Knowledge collection of resources. Be sure to use an atlas to look up or understand the questions that youve missed.Prepare flash cards or use some other technique to memorize the capitals of the countries of the world and the capitals of the fifty United States. Memorize these Basic Earth Facts, the Highest, Lowest, and Deepest points around the world, and study other geographic superlatives. Read the newspaper, news magazines, and subscribe to my free Geography Newsletter and Geography 101 Email Course to learn about geography and to stay up-to-date with major news events happening around the world. Some Bee questions come from the geography of current events and these events are usually those that occur in the latter portion of the year before the Bee. Look up any unfamiliar place names you encounter in an atlas.Knowing principal languages, currencies, religions, and former country names is definitely a bonus. Its most important at state and national levels. This information is best obtained from the CIA World Factbook.Become familiar with the terms and concepts of Physical Geography. If you can review the glossary and key concepts of physical geography from a college-level physical geography textbook, do so!​ In the 1999 state finals, there was a difficult round devoted to exotic species but each questions answer was the choice between two places so having a good geographical knowledge would have been the easiest way to win the round. My book, The Geography Bee Complete Preparation Handbook: 1,001 Questions Answers to Help You Win Again and Again!, is a helpful resource for those preparing for the Bee at the school, state, or national levels. Good luck!

Best Informational Writing Tips

Best Informational Writing Tips Informative Writing The aim of an essay is to inform the reader about something. By your writing, you convey some information from you to other people, as a rule, to your professor, colleagues, or classmates. Even if you work on the personal essay, you convey some information which has to be clear and accurate. How to receive the best grades on your informational writing assignment? Following the conventions is your first task, while it shows your respect to your reader. You should adhere to your structure, formatting, and standards. Â  Your title has to tell the reader exactly what your essay is about. Beware that your essay has to stand out from the others! When coming to structure, you have to be especially careful, while you have to adhere to the structure of sentences, the structure of paragraphs, and the structure of the essay itself. Sometimes, when it comes to the thesis, you have to mind off the structure of certain sections. Structure of sentences If you want to let your reader know about something, you have to deliver the information in an explicit and understandable way. Lots of students worry about their style. However, what exactly a writing style is? In fact, it is the way of controlling the description of ideas and information in your writing. Your aim is to make the length of sentences different. Readers get a good impression when they read from two to four short sentences and then a long one. So, try to alternate between your sentences. Think well on the word choices, because your vocabulary has to fit the topic. Avoid repeating or overusing expressions and words. Remember that clarity is your goal. Structure of paragraphs A paragraph is a group of sentences separated from other sentences. All these sentences in a paragraph are about a particular thing, so it is necessary to define the topic sentence of the paragraph. As a rule, it is the first, sometimes the second sentence of your paragraph. The aim of the remaining sentences is to only maintain the topic sentence statement. And the concluding sentence has to lead the reader to the idea of the next paragraph. Structure of the essay As a rule, your essay should have a beginning (introduction), middle (body), and the end (conclusion). In the introduction, you have to tell your reader about what you are going to say, then tell them what you need to tell in your body paragraphs, and the conclusion is to summarize what you have told your readers. The structure is not that complicated. This structure is the best for the reader to make it understandable. Even if your content is qualitative, but the structure is poor, it won’t inform your readers effectively. Some more tips from our experts Now you know that in order to be informative enough, your essay must have a good structure. However, here are some more tips to follow which will help you with tour essay writing. Stay focused Remember that your thoughts have to be logical. Do not go too deep into the history of the subject you are writing about. Yes, the background of your topic might be really informative, however, it doesn’t relate to your topic at all. Always stay focused on your topic, do not deviate from it. Your approach has to be balanced enough if your task is to provide some general information. Objectivity is one of the main things you have to strive for. You have to be neutral, factual, and clear. Stay informative All the information you provide has to be understandable and accessible. So, there has to be a proper and pretty short introduction relating the topic. After that, all the information has to be conveyed in a clear and ordered way and must include only the most important facts, with no deviations. Try to be as tight as possible. Stick to the G.A.P. G.A.P. means Genre, Audience, and Purpose. The Genre is the informational writing you do. Explaining how something works and describing how it works are often different things. So, you should stick to the genre in which you are writing from the very beginning of your essay. Include a lot of facts to your essay instead of opinions and arguments. It is difficult for students to think about the Audience. However, think whether you write for a general audience or just for one instructor. Anyone who reads your essay has to understand it well. The Purpose is also a bit complicated to think of for students. Your purpose, of course, is to get a good grade. However, conveying information to a reader and informing him is your purpose as well. Think of yourself as of an information provider, and then your informative writing will be effective.

Theology critical exegesis on Luke 102537. 'The Parable of the Good Essay

Theology critical exegesis on Luke 102537. 'The Parable of the Good Samaritan' - Essay Example First, the answer to the lawyer's question might be found in the Bible. Second, every person has different perception of what he reads and should find the answer to this question on his own. Thus, in this short reply Jesus has said that the way to salvation was already delivered to people and it is their responsibility to find it. Verses 27 and 28 are the summary of the right way of living "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all they soul, and with thy strength, and with all thy mind; and thy neighbor as thyself". This answer did not satisfy the lawyer and he further asked who can be considered the neighbor and received the reply. Verse 30-35 are the story of how the certain man was beaten by robbers and left half dead on the road. The priest has seen him but passed by. The same has done the Levite. Nevertheless, when the Samaritan saw this beaten man, he was moved with compassion and took care of him. After finishing this story, Jesus has asked the lawyer for his opinion who proved to be the neighbor for the beaten man and the lawyer replied that he was the one who showed mercy. Jesus noted, "Go and do likewise" (Luke 10: 37). Jesus did not reply directly to the asked question, but showed the example of what he meant. The golden rule of treating others, as you want to be treated can be also applied here. Traditionally pa Literal Analysis Traditionally parables and narratives are understood differently by different people, however, the meaning of the Parable of Good Samaritan is understood universally. Referring to the story, the man was walking on the road from Jerusalem to Jericho which is surrounded by the cliffs on both sides. Moreover, it descended over 3000 feet in only ten miles and was dangerous to walk at any time. Thus, it can be that the parable is not fictitious and is made up based on the real situation. Probably Jesus himself has walked this road with the disciples, even though it is very unlikely that the priest or the Levite would travel this road alone taking into account the numerous robbers living in the caves (Brown 1990). Historically, Jews and Samaritans were enemies and not a single Jew would allow the Samaritan to help him even in such extreme situations. Maybe, with this parable Jesus wanted to say that the salvation is not granted to selected groups of people and despite of other ethnic origin they are all equal in the eyes of God. Further, these verses are showing that division of people based on their origin is false in essence. The priest and Levite being considered closer to God did not help the person who was in need of assistance, while the Samaritan who was hated by Jews took care of the beaten man. Unfortunately, very little has been written about the historical relationship between Jesus and Samaritans. First, Samaritans could be defined in terms of geography - they lived in the region called Samaria. Second, Samaritans could be defined in terms of ethnic origin - they were the mixed group of people and had non-Jewish blood. Third, Samaritans can be defined in terms of their religion - they were the Semites who worshiped Yahweh (Brown 1990). Despite of the definition Jesus assumed, it is clear that Samaritans were not welcomed by the Jews of that time. Even though the focus of the

Managing Hospitals by Physicians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Managing Hospitals by Physicians - Essay Example Moreover, in turn, hospitals are reliant on these physicians as a recommendation foundation for patient volume. This arrangement of the health care system is a very old tradition which has only presently illustrated the signs of transforming with the uprising of hospitalist physicians. It is more referred to as a strange economic relationship for the reason that the physicians seek advantage in financial terms from the use of hospitals but do not put up with the unswerving liability for the economic health of these institutions (Final Report, 2008). The rock-strewn nuptial between physicians and hospitals is barely a novel occurrence. The stringency between the notion of the hospitals as a 'doctor's work-place', pertinent to medical regulation, and the hospital as an autonomous corporation with its own locus of control and an array of operations has buffed and diminished for a major part of the twentieth century (Stevens, 1989). Commencing with the regulation of workmen's compensation funds by innovating hospital administrators and accusations by physicians that hospitals were bartering their charitable services for a benefit, the thrash about for independence, regulation, respect, authority and money has furthered at a swift pace. Physicians who were trained and preserved as the trend-setters of all medical practice, construed to with the growing portion of the nation's health care dough flowing straight away to the hospitals and not to them. In turn, a novel strain of the non-physician hospital administrators who were trained to regulate their institutions as a business, construed to the physicians as indignant of 'lay' control and the rules as well as regulations essential to regulate a subtle and efficacious venture. With negligible irony, an administrator remarked that 'doctors, for the reason that they are doctors, are hard to accommodate into the hospital organization' (St. Luke's Health Initiatives, 2005). And hence, it has vanished. There have been many periods of cooperation, chiefly, in the face of a professed common rival such as third party payers and tyrannical government control and payment systems, but by and large, the provider community of the hospitals and physicians has maintained itself as a debatable creed for much of the twentieth century. Even though, the routine dealings of physicians and hospitals were apparently cordial in superficial terms, there was frequent smouldering distrust, hostility, antipathy and even detestation between the two communes. The objective of physicians ha s always been the regulation of the scope of independent, private practice with minimum restraints between themselves and their patients. The philosophies of the hospital medical personnel, the authoritative model of the physician-hospital connection, were based on utmost physician

Is self-confidence necessary for effective leadership Essay

Is self-confidence necessary for effective leadership - Essay Example Learning to be lowly and learning to be small will make us great somedayThere is a great host of leaders recorded in the Bible. If we have to learn their ways, faith, principles, and beliefs, we will come to the inevitable conclusion that these great leaders like Moses, Noah, Peter, Paul, and many others, was found to be able and successful leaders because they have learned to accept that they are nothing; that the Creator is able to produce great things from nothing. Nothingness is the best place and idea to start a creation. When we do something out of something that already exists, we fashion it in a manner by which we always consider the kind of material that exist; but everything is possible, and every idea can be freely conceived if you create something out of nothing like what God have done (Soriano, E. F., 2004). Hollenbeck and Hall also mentioned in their article that "Leader's self-confidence causes followers to believe in the capabilities of the leader and the direction set." Contrary to that, Soriano said that "A leader, in the truest sense of the word, must be someone being followed intelligently by followers of understanding.

Under what circumstances are protest movements against authoritarian Essay

Under what circumstances are protest movements against authoritarian rule most likely to succeed in changing the regime - Essay Example While a protest movement is a collective endeavour and is generally expressive of the political views of large numbers of people, the failed uprisings mentioned above indicate that they may not necessarily be successful in every case. This study examines why these movements were unsuccessful in achieving their objectives. According to Thompson, democratic revolutions can be understood as â€Å"spontaneous popular uprisings – peaceful, urban-based and cross class in composition – which topple unyielding dictators and begin a transition process that leads to the consolidation of democracy.†1 Including fraternity organizations, guerrilla organizations or other sects under the umbrella of social movements would possibly be stretching the definition of social movements too far2, but such organizations have also managed to attract a sizeable number of followers. According to Zirakzadeh, a social movement comprises a group of people who (a) consciously attempt to build a radically new social order (b) includes people from a broad range of social backgrounds and (c) makes use of socially disruptive, politically confrontational tactics.3 In general, where the question of overthrow of a regime is concerned, dictatorial, authoritarian regimes are vulnerable to violent, radical revolutions, including coups, that may successfully achieve this objective4. According to Tilly, earlier trends in the growth of social movements are linked to economic and political changes, such as the emergence of Parliaments, proletariats and market capitalization5. Tilly also points out that social movements can also be a prime factor functioning as a propellant towards democracy, such as the ones which occurred in the USSR in 1990-91, Serbia in 1996/7 and 2000 as well as Ukraine in 2004. But more often, social protest movements have flourished after the country in question has become a democracy, because political rights as well as individual rights such

Organisational Behaviour Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organisational Behaviour - Literature review Example This paper can help at understanding the concept of organizational behavior. It is important because without it, innovation and changes can never be welcomed which are hugely necessary for maintaining a successful position in the market and ensuring customer satisfaction. Facts and literature review presented in this paper are basically meant to address the problem that â€Å"with fierce competitiveness that forms the hallmark of the present business age, resolving myriad organizational behavior issues like leadership, change, etc. remain unaddressed due to which the whole organizational structure starts destroying beyond repair.† Literature review included in this paper focuses on addressing this problem and the need to maintain stability in an organization and for this, both leaders and employees should respect each other while taking care to add the element of solidarity to the organizational framework. According to, strict yet understanding and focused leadership is excess ively important for stabilizing the structural framework of organizational behavior. A leader should definitely ensure if all of the employees, should they experience any issue or problem, have easy access to him/her or not for discussing that issue. Most of the times, conflicts arise when there is no kind of communication or any friendly relation between the leader and subordinates, with the result that small issues grow into an oversized giant creating much trouble and pandemonium in an organization. The research study presented by (Mills, 2005) in his book regarding the critical importance of leadership lays stress on the need to adopt such a leading style that would not discourage the employees to bring forward any ideas they have in their minds for the betterment of the organization, rather a broadminded leader should hold regular meetings with the employees working at every level so that intricate visions can be shared and strategies can be introduced. It is a reality that foc used leadership and positive organizational behavior â€Å"focuses primarily on constructs such as compassion, virtue, and forgiveness as ends in themselves for today’s organizations.† (Luthans, 2002, p. 698). With a haphazard and uncoordinated leadership that never remains focused, organizational setup becomes stagnated, slow, and targets become virtually unreachable. It is justifiably claimed that â€Å"walking at the front isn’t really leadership unless the person in front is actually choosing the direction!† (Mills, 2005, p. 14). Coming to the models that organizations around the world operate out of, (Medsker, Williams, & Holahan, 1994, pp. 439-464) have laid emphasis on the four major models proposed for broadening the concept about organizational behavior and recent developments made in these models since the time they were introduced. This research study lays particular stress on the need to evaluate these models so that ambiguities could be remov ed and better understanding for the overall benefit of an organization could be ensured between the leaders and employees. Development of understanding and bias-free respect for each is majorly marred by negative notions that are most of the times, absolutely groundless and by following a set useful organizational behavior model, coherency in thinking and implementing ideas can be achieved by the leaders. The autocratic model is probably the most

Successfully managing this project of building the new club Essay

Successfully managing this project of building the new club - Essay Example Then I would appoint sub project managers to supervise these sub projects. These sub project managers would be well versed with their area of concern. Once the sub projects have been identified, it is time to move to the project planning phase. The activities and tasks involved in the sub projects would be highlighted and then scheduled. Civil works would include laying the foundation of water heaters; different health fitness machines and HVAC equipments. Civil structure and finishing for the cinema Hall and the swimming pool are also included under this sub project. Other civil tasks which have to be done before any other sub project is initiated include trenching for laying of utilities lines such as electrical cables, hot water, and cold water piping and drainage lines. Numerous activities shall be associated with the sub- project Electrical Works. For instance installation and erection of electrical sub station, laying down cables, installation of Motor Control Centers, installation and commissioning of instrumentation and electrical works. Some activities shall be specific to a particular system. For example the swimming pool system shall include filing pumps, vacuum pumps, filters, underwater lights, jumping board etc. Ob Obviously while constructing the cinema hall we will have to keep several factors in mind like avoiding reverberations, good quality audio and stereo system. Therefore another project to be added to our list of sub projects would be the Cinema Hall Sub Project. Here various tasks specific to the construction of the cinema hall, like the installation of acoustic system, sound system, HVAC system and fire alarm and fighting system would be carried out. After all I do not want the club users to be complaining about poor sound quality and bad air conditioning. Last but no the least is the Mechanical and Plumbing Works Sub Project. This would further be broken down into different parts like operation of water heaters, installation of plumbing systems with fittings, installation of fitness machines and the HVAC system. The significance of the work breakdown structure is emphasized in some articles. "In a hectic business environment, project fundamentals such as scope definition and the Wor k Breakdown Structure often take a backseat to a "just get going" mentality.(Wright,C.,2007) Once I have defined the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) as above, I would move unto the planning phase. The project planning matrices would help me here. Three components, which can be controlled and measured using this plan, time, cost and resources, are drawn in triangular form whereby an imbalance in one shall have an impact on the other two. Another tool would be the project planning cycle. The project is first planned, then executed, then monitored and then reviewed. If there are some flaws detected during the review phase then the cycle is repeated again otherwise we move towards the project closure phase. Planning software's would also prove beneficial in the planning phase. Project planning beings with the time plan. Therefore I would first schedule the sub projects. According to some sources" This project schedule will

The Water Babies and Victorian Childhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

The Water Babies and Victorian Childhood - Essay Example At the outset it is submitted that the diverse nature of Victorian literature highlighted how â€Å"novels became a means through which readers defined their social identity and formed their attitudes to such issues as nationalism, gender differences and the nature of the family† (James 2006, p.xi). To this end, the Victorian novel developed as a realist concept.For example, on the one hand, in Oliver Twist, Dickens utilises dramatic irony and satire within lengthy descriptive sentence paragraphs in order to highlight the situation of many poor homeless children. For example, in the preface to the 1841 edition, Dickens depicts the â€Å"cold, wet, shelterless, midnight streets of London; the foul and frowsy dens, where vice is closely packed and lacks room to turn; the haunts of hunger and disease; the shabby rages that scarcely hold together – where are the attraction of these things?†The paragraph is comprised of a characteristically long sentence, listing the dire circumstances faced by the children. Moreover, the use of alliteration and assonance further highlight the predicament of homeless children and the use of words with reference to â€Å"foul† and â€Å"vice† depicts the reality of lost innocence of children. This is further heightened when Dickens reverses the Victorian puritanical blame back onto the upper echelons of society by creating a pause followed by the rhetorical question â€Å"- where are the attraction of these things?†

IT Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IT Questions - Coursework Example Question 2 Prototyping, which is usually a quick functional model of the system design, is exposed to the users. In our case the students who are expected to be the main users of the software are presented with the prototype for a period of time and they report back give feedback on their experiences. Problems are then identified in real time and any requirements that may have been left out noted. The prototype is then reviewed and the difficulties experienced by the target users rectified. Loopholes in the system are identified and requirements left out incorporated. A brainstorming session, designed to come up with ideas, possibilities and solutions to problems can be a good requirement gathering technique. Stakeholders, such as programmers, managers and the potential users form a think tank. Issues such as how best to present the bookstore’s catalog of items online for example can be visualized. Payment modes and delivery modalities can be born and nurtured in such sessions . Survey tools such as a questionnaire can be used to collect relevant pieces of data that can be help in the requirement gathering process. Use of well-structured questionnaires, designed to give the desired information, such as preferences in design techniques, best payment modes, delivery schedules and so on, can play a vital role in requirement gathering processes. ... Members present can identify problems and suggest solutions to these problems. For example, if a student (who is a potential user of the system) can highlight some of the problems encountered by the current system used by the bookstore, such as time wasting, members can come up with suggestions such as introduction of delivery mechanisms that are time conscious. In the process, requirements may be gathered. Question 3 This system is designed to meet the special accommodation needs of individual students by offering a variety of options based on pricing, location and facilities available to them. On the other hand, hostel owners can provide description of the properties they own by contacting the university’s administration. This system offers advantages for both the students, premise owners and university administration. For students, they are provided with a platform to search from a variety of available hostels and choose those best suited for their individual needs. This sa ves them time and makes it easier to compare the various hostel listed in the database. For the hostel owners, advertising is catered for and therefore cut down on their operational expenses. Finally, the school administration enhances their accommodation needs for their students and helps them monitor the whereabouts of the students. This enhances their mandate to ensure protection of enrolled students. However, the systems could be made even better by enabling online rent payments by students and providing actual photographs of the various listed hostels for the students to view. Question 4 Table 1 CASE tool Features Suitability ArgoUML1 Supports diagrams Platform independent Exports