Greek Mythology Essay - 1491 Words

Greek Mythology Odysseus, in Greek legend, a Greek hero, ruler of the island of Ithaca and one of the leaders of the Greek army during the Trojan War. Homers Odyssey recounts Odysseuss adventures and ultimate return home ten years after the fall of Troy. Initially, Odysseus was mentioned as the son of Laertes, king of Ithaca, although in later tradition Sisyphus, king of Corinth, was considered his real father, his mother having later married Laertes. At first Odysseus refused to accompany the Greeks to Troy, feigning madness by sowing his fields with salt, but the Greeks placed his son Telemachus in front of the plow, and Odysseus was compelled to admit his ruse and join the invading army. Throughout the Iliad of Homer, he is†¦show more content†¦Orion then consulted an oracle, who told him he could regain his sight by going to the east and letting the rays of the rising sun fall on his eyes. His sight restored, he lived on Crete as the huntsman of the goddess Artemis. The goddess eventual ly killed him, however, because she was jealous of his affection for Aurora, goddess of the dawn. After Orions death, Artemis placed him in the heavens as a constellation. Orion, in Greek mythology, a mighty hunter beloved by the goddess Artemis; tricked by her brother Apollo, Artemis shot Orion with an arrow; he was placed among the stars. PANDORA Pandora, in Greek mythology, first woman on earth, created by the god Hephaestus at the request of the god Zeus. Zeus wished to counteract the blessing of fire, which had been stolen from the gods by the Titan Prometheus and given to human beings. Endowed by the gods with every attribute of beauty and goodness, Pandora was sent to Epimetheus, who was happy to have her for his wife, although he had been warned by his brother Prometheus never to accept anything from Zeus. In bestowing their gifts on Pandora, the gods had given her a box, warning her never to open it. Her curiosity finally overcame her, however, and she opened the mysterious box, from which flew innumerable plagues for the body and sorrows for the mind. In terror, she tried to shut the box, but only Hope, the one good thing among many evils the box had contained, remained to comfort humanity inShow MoreRelatedGreek Mythology : Greek And Roman Mythology885 Words   |  4 Pagesvalues of a culture. (Rosenberg) With Greek and Roman Mythology we learn or are introduced to the idea of how the universe is formed, we learn about love and of course we learn about tragedy. Greek and Roman mythology has a strong influence on our culture today. The Greek culture affects our everyday way of life. They created democracy, the alphabet, libraries, the Olympics, math, science, architecture, and even lighthouses. (Unknown) Greek and Roman mythology go hand in hand with gods and heroesRead MoreGreek Mythology And The Mythology1154 Words   |  5 Pagesand lessons of Greek mythology have shaped art and literature for thousands of years. Later Greek writers and artists used and elaborated upon these sources in their own work. Did you know that in ancient Greece, stories about gods and goddesses and heroes and monsters were an important part of everyday life. They explained everything from rituals to the weather, and they gave meaning to the world people saw around them. Many consumer products get their names from G reek mythology. For example sportsRead MoreGreek Mythology And The Mythology850 Words   |  4 Pagesdepending on which part of the world an individual is in. The Greeks and Romans are both very polytheistic civilizations. They believe in a multitude of gods and creatures, and they have gods for fertility, elements, war, medicine, and a multitude of others. The mythology of these two cultures is exceedingly similar, although for those looking for a more interesting view on the subject, Greek mythology is far superior to Roman mythology. The time period in which mythological tales were told beganRead MoreMythology In Greek Mythology879 Words   |  4 Pages Greek mythology is commonly mistaken by those unfamiliar with it as a religious subject. Instead, they are a set of stories about Greek gods, goddesses, heroes, and heroines that serve to entertain and give an explanation of how the world came to be. It’s apparent that the world wasn’t like the way it is currently from the beginning, but the myths do give us an idea of how things were like. As Edith Hamilton once said, â€Å" But what the myths show is how high they had risen above the ancient filthRead MoreThe Mythology Of Greek Mythology978 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many different types of different creatures of Greek Mythology. There are Centaurs, Minotaur, Pegasus, Sirens, Medusa, and many more. These creatures can either be helpful to the Gods and Goddesses or they can work against them. Some of the creatures’ stories even intertwine with the stories of the Gods and Goddesses of Greek mythology. I will concentrate on the following creatures: Centaurs, Pegasus, Sirens, and Medusa. My favorite creatures out of all of these are the Sirens, becauseRead MoreMythology : Ancient Greek Mythology1527 Words   |  7 PagesMythology is a vast collection of made up/fake stories told during the Ancient Greek era. That is what we are told at young age growing up learning about Greek Gods and Goddesses like Zeus and Hercules. But actually the mythology comes from the word myth which is a Greek word for speech or discourse, but later adapted the meaning of fable or legend (Doyle, 2015).The traditional stories, poems, literature, and art have been passed down for years. The stories about Gods and Goddesses, heroes, and monstersRead MoreGreek Mythology8088 Words   |  33 PagesGreek  Mythology   I   INTRODUCTION   Temple  of  Apollo  at  Didyma   The  Greeks  built  the  Temple  of  Apollo  at  Didyma,  Turkey  (about  300  bc).  The  temple  supposedly  housed  an  oracle   who  foretold  the  future  to  those  seeking  knowledge.  The  predictions  of  the  oracles,  delivered  in  the  form  of  riddles,   often  brought  unexpected  results  to  the  seeker.  With  Ionic  columns  reaching  19.5  m  (64  ft)  high,  these  ruins   suggest  the  former  grandeur  of  the  ancient  temple.   Bernard  Cox/Bridgeman  Art  Library,  London/New  York   Read MoreThe Greek Mythology1084 Words   |  5 PagesAncient Greek mythology is somewhat different from the common modern way of thinking. Ancient Greek mythology will mostly base its acceptance of actions on the laws of the god’s, while modern society mostly bases its acceptance off of soc ial affairs or the people around them. Even though twentieth century readers might have a different way of thinking than ancient Greek’s, the essence of describing a character in literature remains constant. Throughout the semester, many of the ancient literary worksRead MoreGreek Mythology : Ancient Mythology1630 Words   |  7 PagesGreek mythology denotes to the myths of the early Greeks, Greece gods, and mythical creatures. While pertaining to these legends and myths includes; to their Gods, the nature and heroes, tales of clashes, and of their adventures. It is also a brief on the origin and connotation of their cult, and the innumerable practices that remained shadowed by them. Myth is defined as; a traditional, typically historic story pertaining to mystic beings, descendants, or heroes that serve an essential kind in theRead MoreGreek Mythology : Ancient Greeks1835 Words   |  8 PagesThe Ancient Greeks believed in many gods and heroes during their time. Each one h ad a sole purpose in a mortal’s lifetime. Greek mythology had a huge impact on religion in Ancient Greece. The Greeks performed rituals in order to honor their gods. Mythology affected the Ancient Greeks in many ways. The origins of mythology, the influences of mythology through a human’s lifetime and lessons taught in the ancient myths will be examined. Why Greek mythology was created Greek mythology was created

The cheese slicer, invented by Thor Bjrklund of Norway

The cheese slicer, or cheese plane, is an ingenious invention developed by a Norwegian cabinet maker, Thor Bjà ¸rklund. Using a principle similar to that of the carpenter’s plane found in his workshop, Bjà ¸rklund perfected a device for making very thin, uniform slices from the hard cheeses favored in Norway, such as gouda and jarlsberg. Thor Bjà ¸rklund Invents the First Cheese Slicer Bjà ¸rklund invented and patented the cheese plane in 1925. He founded the company Thor Bjà ¸rklund Sà ¸nner AS in Lillehammer two years later, which was Norway’s only producer of the traditional Norwegian cheese slicer (ostehà ¸vel), and the first in the world. Since then, the company has produced over 50 million cheese slicers. Originally, it took an hour to produce each cheese slicer, while today, approximately 7,000 slicers can be made in an hour. Other Cheese Slicing Inventions The cheese plane is not the only invention dedicated to cheese, however.  The cheese knife itself is designed to combat the issue of very soft cheeses. With a serrated blade, the cheese knife reduces the amount of soft cheese stuck to the blade. Most blades will also have holes to reduce the likelihood of cheese sticking to the knife.  The cheese cutter features a board with a wire on a cutting arm. The wire is of a fine gauge, again designed to cut through soft cheese without sticking. The action of the cheese wire is like that of a garotte.

Communication Theory Paper - 969 Words

Running head: COMMUNICATION THEORY PAPER 2 Communication Theory Paper Name University of Phoenix Communication Theory Paper 2 Communication is an important part and concern in many organizations. With many organizations having such a diverse workforce communicating has an impact on how well employees, patient and family members interact together. Many communication issues arise due to the fact that there are many employees from different cultures and different genders. These issues have an impact on how effectively tasks are done within the organization causing concerns with family members, patients and even coworkers. The different individuals that are from different cultures and genders have different ways on which†¦show more content†¦Females are already uncomfortable about having a male take care of them that by them being quite seems to make them more uncomfortable. Open communication between male employees, patients and family members can cause some concerns with the family member on how the quality of care is with their loved one due to them understanding and rel ating to the patient. This issue leads into another issue when it comes to the cultural difference among all involved. When individuals from different cultures work in a health care facility their communication skills have an impact on how much all individuals understand each other. Individuals from different cultures sometimes speak a different language, speak broken English or have a strong accent. With such a diverse workforce in healthcare the impact their communication skills have on coworkers and managers is not as bad as on family members, patients or caregivers. The facility has some coworkers and managers that are from different cultures so they tend to relate to their communication skills. However, for the coworkers and managers that are not from their culture they tend to stay away from or avoid communication with these employees due to the fact they can not understand their broken English, tone or body language. The different cultures have different ways of communicating so the individuals from these cultures are oftenShow MoreRelatedCommunication Theories Paper1190 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication theories paper Amanda Haring Com 310 â€Æ' Communication is defined as a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behavior. Communication helps us understand one another. (Communication, 2011). Communication is broken down into theories. Three examples of these theories would be the social penetration theory, cognitive dissonance theory and the uncertainty reduction theory. The social penetration theoryRead MoreCommunication Theories Paper1913 Words   |  8 Pages Communication Theories Paper Communication theories are important to learn and understand. Learning these theories helps us apply the theory to our own life. It helps our critical thinking skills as well as benefits one to understand the value of research that has been accomplished in this field. Understanding communication theories can help us make sense of our daily life experiences. There are three Communication theories that I have studied that have touchedRead MoreCommunication Theory Paper : Framing1619 Words   |  7 PagesCommunication Theory Paper: Framing Christopher R. O’Hanlon Penn State University Abstract: Framing is extremely important in the media and in public relations because it has such an impact on many issues. This communication theory basically states that â€Å"gatekeepers† of media and journalists can control the frame in which news is reported and distributed. For framing to be properly instituted, the message has to be easily understood by the consumer. Public relations specialist frame almost everythingRead MoreApplication Paper : Organizational Communication Theory1757 Words   |  8 Pages December 2, 2015 Alethea Hong Chan COM 314 Organizational Theory Dr. Horowitz Alethea Hong Chan COM 314 Organizational Communication Theory Dr. Horowitz December 2, 2015 Application paper Identified by consumers the most recognizable brand in the real estate field, Century 21 West Coast Brokers is a real estate agency aiming to provide brand marks, generate people-oriented organization, as well as communicative and innovative technologies. I work as an administrativeRead MoreCom 321 Communication Theory Paper1903 Words   |  8 Pages Final Portfolio Kristy wenzl COM 321: Communication Theory Dan Tinianow July 16, 2017 Introduction: Do you address a tyke in a similar way that you address your supervisor? The word that you utilize and how you express your message varies from every individual you may experience. The reality of the matter is that speaking with a grown-up, a kid, a colleague, your President, or even a friend or family member, the dialect that you utilize contrasts withRead MoreThe Big Bang Theory - Communications Paper2275 Words   |  10 PagesThe Big Bang For decades the Big Bang theory has been the leading theory on the beginning of our universe. Alternate theories come and go, but mainly go. As new data and research are continually eliminating alternatives to the standard model of cosmology, the Big Bang just keeps getting stronger. Before discussing the alternate theories to the Big Bang theory, the basics of the early universe should first be understood. The main points opposing the theory are based around a few aspects that willRead MoreSmall Group Communication : An Effective Communication958 Words   |  4 Pages2015 COMM 2110 Small Group Analysis Paper 1. Small Group Communication The small group communication is an interpersonal communication within groups between thirty to twenty individuals. It is very important to have a quality communication such as information-sharing behavior and helping attitude among the members of group. The positive attitude and productive relationship between the group members help in increasing the performance of group. For quality communication, all the group members are requiredRead MoreInterpersonal Communication : The Heart And Soul Of Communication1366 Words   |  6 PagesInterpersonal communication is the heart and soul of communication. Interpersonal communication affects how individuals communicate with their parents, significant others, and immediate others, before expanding to other areas of life. Through communication, scholars have been able to predict an array of different reactions through calculated uses of surveys and questionnaires. The Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT) model defines violation expectedness â₠¬Å"as the extent to which behavior varies fromRead MoreExpectancy Violation Theory (Paper Rough Draft)1192 Words   |  5 PagesExpectancy Violation Theory (Paper Rough Draft) â€Æ' Expectancy Violation Theory, or more commonly referred to as EVT, is the study of attempting to explain one’s reactions to unexpected behavior of their peers, and the various meanings that people attribute to the violation, or infringement, of their personal space. Judee Burgoon defines personal space as the invisible, variable volume of space surrounding an individual that defines that individual’s preferred distance from others. I will explainRead MoreThe Theory Of Interpersonal Communications1491 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction One of the most dominant theories in the field of interpersonal communications is Uncertainty Reduction Theory. The Uncertainty Reduction Theory was created by Berger and Calabrese in 1975. It is a communication theory from the post-positivist tradition, it is the only communication theory that specifically considers the initial interaction between people prior to the actual communication. Have you ever been invited to participate in an activity and you did not know anyone there expect

Pocahontas County Market Analysis Portrait - 1268 Words

Pocahontas County Market Analysis Portrait of Pocahontas County Pocahontas County is a rural area located in the southeast region of West Virginia, spanning 942 square miles. The scenic area serves as the site of the head waters for eight rivers: Cherry River, Cranberry River, Elk River, Ganley River, Greenbriar River, Tygart Valley River, Williams River, and Shaver Fork of the Cheat River and consists of 10 scattered small towns. As with other rural communities across the United States, Pocahontas Country suffers from a depressed local economy, substantial barriers to health care access, and difficulty in attracting health professionals. A market analysis of both the rural community and some options that may be used to attract health professionals to Pocahontas Memorial Hospital offers some proposed relief to the dampened healthcare outlook. Market Analyses Pocahontas County’s Population Gorchels indicated that to begin a market analysis, one must use segmentation factors most appropriate for the industry. In particular, consumer product companies, in this case Pocahontas Memorial Hospital, must use demographic variables such as age, family status, or lifestyle (Gorchels, 2000, p. 74). As of the 2010 Census there are 9,131 people residing in Pocahontas County. The racial makeup is 98% Caucasian, .78% African American, .43% Hispanic, .14% Asian, and .07% Native American with a median income for a household within the county of $26,401 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2013).

Bunzl plc Company profile and SWOT analysis Free Essays

Abstract Bunzl plc (LON: BNZL) is a specialist distribution and outsourcing company, ranked 93 in the FTSE 100 ranking (as at 6th September 2011), with market capitalisation of ?2.5 billion. The company reported a strong financial results in its 2011 half yearly financial report, with growth in revenue, operating profit and profit before tax, when its nearest competitor Amcor reported a decline. We will write a custom essay sample on Bunzl plc: Company profile and SWOT analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now This report aims to give a brief overview of the company, its internal strengths and weaknesses and its opportunities and threats within the industries and geographies the company is operating. The first section is an introduction to the company, its financial performance and business activities across geographies. The impact its recent acquisitions have on the company’s competitive advantage in the industry is also covered as part of the second section of the report, SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunity and threat) analysis of the company. Introduction Bunzl plc (LON: BNZL), a specialist distribution and outsourcing company, is positioned at #93 in the FTSE 100 ranking, with market capitalization of ?2.5 billion, as at 6th of September 2011. The company mainly operates in the Americas, Europe and Asia Pacific. It engages in the distribution of non-food consumable products to various industries. Headquartered in London, it employs more than 13,000 people (Datamonitor, 2010). As indicated in the company’s half yearly financial report (2011), the first half of 2011 netted the company a reported ?2.4 billion in revenue, a 4% increase over the first half of 2010. The operating profit of the company was ?125.5 million, a 9% increase over H1 2010. The profit before tax was ?112.1 million, ?12 million higher than H1 2010. Cash flow remained strong, with cash generated from operations partly used to finance cash outflow for acquisition. This has minimize impact to the company’s net debt and EBITDA, with the latter reduced to 2.0 ratio compared to 2.1 at December 2010. The company faced difficult sales in UK and Ireland; however this is offset by the strong organic growth in North America, Continental Europe and rest of the world. Bunzl also recently embarked on a string of acquisitions, to strengthen and expand its geographical and market presence. The company has acquired seven so far in 2011, and has committed ?123 million to date. Bunzl divested its vending business in the UK as it saw that the business was no longer a strategic fit within the portfolio of the Group’s businesses. Despite the company’s development effort, competition is strong from the high street coffee shops, which has led to reductions in vend volumes. SWOT analysis Bunzl caters to industries such as grocery store supplies, food service packaging, catering equipment and cleaning and hygiene products. Datamonitor (2010) analysed Bunzl’s main strength to be its well-balanced geographic presence and business spread over different industries. Through its presence across the world, Bunzl is able to take advantage of opportunities in any one market, and maintain presence in other markets to fend off threats. The diverse industries provide cross selling opportunities to Bunzl, which works in favour of the company as it boost the company’s growth in difficult global economic situation, as shown in the past few years. Additional positive contributor to its strength is its diverse range of customers (individual, retailers and institutional) and its well balanced mix of high margin low volume business and low margin high volume business. The company also has a robust financial performance which adds to the strength of its market share. It has been registering strong financial growth in the past few fiscal years, while its competitor Amcor registered a decrease. Its main weakness would be its lack of scale of operation, which reduces its collective bargaining power. Compared to other players operating in its market, Bunzl is relatively small. Its FY2009 revenue of ?4.6 billion is significantly lower than its competitors such as Supervalu’s ?40.6 billion and CS Wholesale Grocers’ $19.3 billion. Another weakness is their underfunded pension obligations, which require the company to make cash payments at regular interval thereby reducing its cash available for other business purpose. Bunzl’s acquisitions will expand its opportunities, through extending its product offering and increasing its customer base. It will also strengthen its growth and sourcing capabilities. Opportunity is also gained from changing customer’s consumption habits and lifestyle, with the increase in demand for convenient, on-the-go packaging. The demand for food service disposables in the US is expected to increase by 3.5% per annum through 2013, and the same trend goes for Europe as well. With this growth projection, Bunzl can leverage its wide product portfolio and distribution network to serve the growing demand in various geographies and benefit from increased revenue and higher profitability. Another growing market is the private label consumer goods industry, which has been growing at a fast pace in the past few years. An online global survey conducted in 2010 revealed that due to the economic downturn 60% of consumers across 55 countries from Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, Latin America and Middle East/Africa has been increasingly purchasing private brands. The economic pressure has been driving consumers to value-oriented decisions. Retailers have also been pushing improvements in their product quality and selection of offerings; another contributor to the growing consumption. Labour cost has been increasing in some key markets of the company, which contributes to its main threat as it will impact the company’s cost structure and its profit margins. Another threat is the weak economic situation, which could reduce the company’s margins. North America is Bunzl’s largest market, whose economic activities have been slowing down due to the economic crisis. In addition, the level of unemployment in the US is rising, which will contribute to lower consumption expenditure as the disposable income of customers decrease. Conclusion Bunzl’s strong first half of 2011 result continues the company’s positive performance in the midst of economic downturn. Despite difficult economic situations in its key markets, North America and Europe, its strategic acquisition drive appears to bear fruit in expanding Bunzl’s presence and market share. It has also divested its vending business, which the company viewed as no longer a fit with the overall company strategy. With its robust financial performance, diverse geographic presence, product offerings and customer base, Bunzl is poised to leverage on its strengths to capitalise on new opportunities, growing demand in convenient and on-the-go products and private brands. The company is well placed to meet the demand in various geographies and increase its revenues and profit margins. Bunzl’s acquisition drive has increased its collective bargaining power and scale of operations. However the company has to keep generating cash in order to fund its underfunded pension obligations. The economic downturn poses a threat to demand growth in Bunzl’s key markets and the increasing labour cost will impact the company’s cost structure and profit margins. Bibliography Bunzl plc. (2011). Half Yearly Financial Report for Six Months Ended 30 June 2011. [online]. August 2011. Available from: http://www.bunzl.com/bunzl/media/press_releases/2011/2011-08-30b/2011-08-30bv2.pdf. [Accessed: 9th September 2011] Datamonitor (2010). Bunzl plc: Company Profile [online]. London: Datamonitor. Available from http://www.datamonitor.com/ [Accessed: 9th September 2011] Stock Challenge (2011). FTSE All-Share Index Ranking (unofficial guide) [online]. Available from: http://www.stockchallenge.co.uk/ftse.php [Accessed: 14th September 2011] How to cite Bunzl plc: Company profile and SWOT analysis, Essay examples

Brain Damage free essay sample

Title: What does the study of brain injury and disease tell us about normal brain functioning? Word count (Excluding title and references section): 829 What does the study of brain injury and disease tell us about normal brain functioning? To understand atypical brain function, it is important to distinguish the expectations for a typical brain function. It is true that many diseases or injuries result in impairments in cognition; as different areas of the brain is designed to control specific cognition and processes. For example the hemispheres are known to control different functions such as language, spatial judgements, reasoning and abstract notions (Martin, 2003). Whilst, the frontal lobe is famous for processing memory, attention, personality, and behaviour (Martin, 2003). Parietal lobe tends to control spatial and sensory information; whereas occipital lobe processes visual stimulus. Language, retrieval of memory and behaviour is administrated through temporal lobe (Martin, 2003). Finally, the limbic system tends to control emotion as well as short term memory (Martin, 2003). We will write a custom essay sample on Brain Damage or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Brain damage is the degeneration or abnormal growth of brain cells, which can be the result of outer (injury) or inner (disease) influences. Therefore, in cases of brain disease there are biological and psychological impairment that causes abnormality in the brain such as Alzheimer’s disease, Dementia, Amnesia and Aphasia; which some may be genetically inherited. Brain disease such as Alzheimer’s help us to understand the processes of the central executive function, which assists in producing controlled and flexible responses (Groome, 2006). In Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), this process is replaced by automatic and stereotyped responses; thus, it results in a dysexecutive syndrome (Groome, 2006; Baddely Wilson, 1988). Conditions such as AD, symptoms like amnesia and dementia are known to involve damage to frontal lobes (Groome, 2006); therefore, there are impairments in abstract and conceptual thinking, attention, behaviour and memory. For example, lesions to frontal lobes result in difficulty in retrieving contextual information (Parkin, Walter Hunkin. 1995); thus, when presented with series of items, the frontal lobe patients are likely to remember the item shortly after, however, are not able to specify the order in which they were presented in (Swain, Polkey, Bullock Morris. , 1998). Additionally, patient H. M had part of his medial temporal lobes removed due to his epilepsy; however most of his hippocampus were also removed to reduce seizures (Groome, 2006). Although his condition improved, he developed amnesi a, which affected his short term memory (Groome, 2006). This meant he was no longer able to form new memories due to the lesion made to his hippocampus. Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder that results in several cognition impairments such as: deficit in memory and learning, poor abstract thinking and problem solving, difficulty in sustaining attention. Studies suggest that such patients are likely to suffer from dysfunction in areas such as : frontal lobe, temporal lobe, left or right hemisphere and basal ganglia (Blanchard Neale, 1994). Heinrichs Zakzanis (1998) illustrated how schizophrenic patients tend to have impaired verbal memory. Furthermore, injuries or lesions to frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex can result in language deficiencies, such as Wernicke and Broca’s aphasia (Groome, 2006). For example, patient Phineas Gage suffered an injury to the Broca’s area (damage to frontal lobe), showed inability to produce language, as there was no sentence structure and the language was just string of disjointed words (Fleischman, 2002; Groome, 2006). Gage also showed emotional inbalance, where he was described to have acted out of character and was more aggressive, which was the result of damage to amygdale (Fleischman, 2002; Groome, 2006). Whilst, Wernicke’s aphasia (damage to temporal lobe) results in meaningless production of language; the patient is able to produce sentences but it does not convey information (Groome, 2006). Moreover, studies on blindsight suggest that patients such as DB have no conscious experience of perceived surroundings, however they manage to use the visual information at some other level to guide them through the surrounding world (Groome, 2006). It is believed that this neglect is the result of damage to the contralateral hemisphere. For example patients who have lesions to the right hemisphere have left spatial neglect, thus will fail to notice the left side of space (Groome, 2006). Such studies, highlight that spatial neglect is not a unitary disorder but a cohort of deficits. Thus, it allows us to distinguish between conscious experiences and the ability to respond appropriately to stimulus (Groome, 2006). The brain is a major organ that executes functions and vital processes essential to human activity; for example thinking, memory, language and emotions. The use of brain injuries and diseases, enables us to identify better models to comprehend cognition; as these areas will create a natural lesion in the processing mechanism. Thus, it identifies specific elements that play a major role in cognition. The mentioned studies show specific cognitions can be used to process information in a particular way. To ensure that specific cognitive model is processing properly, it is important to look at the neural activity of that region. Lack of activity in the interested area shows impairment in the model and that region. Therefore, by studying that specific area further, we can highlight its activity and information processing. This will allow us to understand normal functioning of the brain further. However, it is important to note that these theories might not be fully supported. For example, not much is known about the central executive system; thus, the vagueness only allows to corroborate processes that are not fully understood. Therefore it is vital to critically analyse theories before applying them. References Baddeley, AD. Kopelman, MD. , and Wilson, BA. (2004). The Essential Handbook of Memory Disorders for Clinicians. John Wiley Sons, Ltd Blanchard, J. J. Neale, J. M. (1994) The neuropsychological signature of schizophrenia: generalized or differential deficit? American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 40–48. Fleischman, J. (2002). Phineas Gage: A gruesome but true story about brain science. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Groome, D. (2006). An introduction to cognitive psychology. Hove: Eng land. Heinrichs, R. W. Zakzanis, K. K. 1998) Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: A quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology, 12, 426–445. Martin, G. N. (2003). Essential biological psychology. London: Arnold. Parkin, AJ. , Walter, BM. , and Hunkin, MM. (1995). Relationships between normal aging frontal lobe function, and memory for temporal spatial information. Neuropsychology, 9, 304-312. Swain, SA. , Polkey, CE. , Bullock, P. Morris, RB. (1998). Recognition memory and memory for order in script-based stories following frontal lobe excisions. Cortex. 34, 25-45.

Confucianism And Chuang

Confucianism And Chuang-Tzu Essay The brightest signs of art and thought in civilization often spring from turmoil, be it outer war or inner strife, as is definitely the case in ancient China. During one of these periods in transition of government and ruling class, two distinct philosophies sprang from the raging waters of Chinas ever-cyclic river of war and rebuilding. These philosophies were the brain-children of two very notable individuals, Confucius and Chuang Tzu, both of whom saw the suffering of their country men and felt called upon to render the way which would relieve their people. Confucius, was a very rational, logical man who believed that the world could be set into its proper order by prescribing morals embedded in rituals practiced by those in power. Therefore instilling a desire for the people to practice these same rituals and ultimately leading a moral educated life. Although this is just a very basic statement of Confucian thought it does illustrate the great differences in the approaches taken by these two men. For while in all his teachings Confucius stressed the importance of morals and the attention that must be paid to scholastics and the matters of the physical world of politics and order, Chuang Tzu, takes an entirely different, and I believe, commonly misunderstood approach to resolving the same issue. In his writings Chuang Tzu, constantly hints at the existence of this mystical energy force, which flows with exact order through the cosmos, a presence if you will that has been since there has been anything, but yet is not old. In the mind of Chuang Tzu, when one discovered this flow, and was able to establish a solid connection, one would be filled with the energy of the cosmos, taking its power with them wherever they went, constantly using it to guide them through the labyrinth that appears to those outside of the way to be the path of life. Therefore, by establishing and maintaining this connection, one can no in absolute certainty what is and what should be the proper course of action they should take. It has been said many times that Chuang Tzu himself was quite a spiritual mystic, which I believe to be a fitting description. However, the problem arises when individuals take this description and simply write off his works as nothing more than complex fairy tales separated by only a few degrees from those of dragons and fairies in western myth. One must not make this mistake, for mysticism and the life and work of and eastern spiritual mystic has just as much validity as does that of faith and the writings of another quite mystic spiritual character found embedded in western thought, this person being none other than Jesus of Nazareth. There are many questions which modern science has no answer and for these questions the mystics have the upper hand, for if through their arts, one souls finds their way then they have accomplished a task which will forever elude the scientific realm. Philosophy .

Zara Brand Managament free essay sample

Its name is well known all over the world, but it is very young brand in our country. Therefore, I took this brand in order to show how young and popular brand that recently came to the retail market is going to be developed, communicated and bring value to its Kazakhstani consumers. The first part of this work talks about the brand Zara itself. Mainly, about its history, internationalization, the brand uniqueness and quick speed to consumers demand, and how the Kazakhstani consumers feel and react to its name. The second part of this report demonstrates the six general criteria of brand elements of Zara, the elements of being successful, POD/POP and, of course the consumer based brand equity pyramid of Kazakhstani consumers. Finally, the paper identifies the main competitors of Zara in the Kazakstani market. Though, the main competitors are United Colors of Benetton, Mango, Mexx, Celio and Oggi. We will write a custom essay sample on Zara Brand Managament or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is done in order to clearly understand the future of this brand in Kazakhstan. Part I HistoryZara is the flagship chain store of Inditex Group owned by Spanish company tycoon Amancio Ortega, who also owns brands such as Massimo Dutti, Pull and Bear, Oysho, Uterque, Stradivarius and Bershka. The group is headquartered in a Coruna, Galicia, and Spain, where the first Zara store opened in 1975. It is claimed that Zara needs just two weeks to develop a new product and get it to stores, compared with a six-month industry average, and launches around 10,000 new designs each year. Zara has resisted the industry-wide trend towards transferring fast fashion production to low-cost countries.Perhaps its most unusual strategy was its policy of zero advertising. The company preferred to invest a percentage of revenues in opening new stores instead. Zara was described by Louis Vuitton fashion director Daniel Piette as â€Å"possibly the most innovative and devastating retailer in the world. † Zara has also been described as a â€Å"Spanish success story† by CNN. Its first store featured low-priced look-alike products of popular, higher-end clothing fashions. The store proved to be a success, and Ortega started opening more Zara stores in Spain.

Sociocultural Aspects of Maternal and Child Health Nursing Essay Example

Sociocultural Aspects of Maternal and Child Health Nursing Essay Another way that time orientation differs is in whether a culture concentrates on the past, the present, or the future. Work and school orientation : People in united states are supposed to work , they are also expected to finish school o they can learn an occupation and support themselves in their adult life. E. G. The predominant culture in the united states stresses that everyone should be employed be employed productively (called the Protestant work ethic) and that work be a pleasure and valued in itself (as important as the product of the work). Other culture do not value work in itself but see it as only a means to an end (you work to get money or food, not satisfaction). Family Orientation : Family structure and the roles of family members are other lifestyle that are culturally determined. Please see different types of families) Male and Female Roles : In most culture , man is the dominant figure. In such a culture, if approval for hospital admission or therapy is needed , the man is the one who gives this approval. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociocultural Aspects of Maternal and Child Health Nursing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sociocultural Aspects of Maternal and Child Health Nursing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sociocultural Aspects of Maternal and Child Health Nursing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In a culture in which men are very dominant and women are extremely passive, a woman may be unable to offer an opinion of her own health or be embarrassed to submit to a physical examination, especially from a male some cultures, the woman may be the dominant person in the family. The oldest woman in the home would be the one to give consent for treatment or hospital admission. Religion : Religion guides a persons overall life philosophy. It influences how people feel about health and illness, what foods they eat, and their preferences about birth and death rituals. E. G. Asks in Jehovah refused blood transfusion. Health Beliefs : Are not universal . It is generally assumed in developed in countries that illness is caused by documented factors such as bacteria, viruses, or trauma. In other countries, however, illness may be viewed primarily as punishment from God or an evil spirit, or as the work of a person who wishes to harm to the sick persons Nutrition Practices : Food and their methods of preparation are strongly culturally related. E. G. Food and their methods of preparation are strongly culturally related Pain Responses : A persons response to pain is a final category that is both individually and culturally determined Jacob et al. , 2008). Although all people may have the same threshold sensation (the amount of stimulus that results in pain), their pain threshold (the point at which the individual reports that a stimulus is painful) and pain tolerance (the point at which an individual withdraws from a stimulus) vary greatly. Strategies to help recognize cultural influences on pain perception are to: a. Appreciate that the meaning of pain varies among cultures; b. Appreciate that not all people communicate or express their level of pain in the same way; c. Recognize that communication of pain may not even be acceptable within a culture; d. Develop an awareness of your personal values and beliefs and that they may affect how you respond to people in pain; and e. Use an assessment tool, such as 1-10 scale, to assist in measuring pain so you are certain that you are being objective as possible.

Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers free essay sample

The tariff also helps protect jobs in the industry that has eliminated the foreign competition but a negative impact is felt because it causes the consumer to pay more for a product that is imported (Hill, 2004). If a country it prone to levy tariffs on items that an organization may need, it would increase the risk of doing business while located in that company. By having a Country manufacture Or produce product that can be done for less elsewhere is not a wise utilization of resources and in turn harms global trade.When foreign countries can enter a home country and sell product for less, people usually see this as a great trade opportunity. However, if that product is manufactured in the home country then the home country not only loses revenue from sales on that product but the economic impacts can run even deeper. With no need to manufacture that product companies will no longer need to purchase the raw materials or hire the employees necessary to maintain the demand. We will write a custom essay sample on Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To eliminate this from occurring or to impose a type of trade restriction on a foreign country tariffs and non-tariffs are utilized.General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATE) was succeeded by the World Trade Organization monitors tariffs and promotes free trade Hill, 2004). Tariffs can protect the local industries that face competition from imported goods by imposing tariffs. Tariffs are effective and widely used to protect the local industries from foreign competition (Sarcastic, 2006). However, this protection comes with an economic cost, where consumers have to pay a higher price to imported goods, which effectively lowering their buying power and leads to inefficient allocation of resources.Tariff is a tax applied to an import and is one of the oldest trade policies in effect. This tax is generally revenue for the host countrys government. There are two types of tariffs; specific tariff and ad valor tariff (Hill, 2004). A specific tariff applies a set tax to a certain import. If a specific tax of fifty cents were applied to wine then the government WOUld gain 50 cents from every bottle coming into the United States without regard to the price of the wine. An ad valor tax is applied at a fixed percentage of the value of the import (Sarcastic, 2006).If there were a 1. 5% tax levied against the wines, then three dollars would be gained in tariff revenue on each 200-dollar bottle of wine and only here cents on the two-dollar bottle. Non-tariff trade barriers are other mechanism that is used by the government to further protect the domestic industries. One of the examples of Non-tariff trade barrier is domestic content requirement. Domestic content requirement not only protect the local industries, it also helps the supporting industries to prosper and gain a larger market share.Non-tariff barriers are restrictions imposed upon countries such as voluntary export restrictions, antiquating and subsidies, quotas (Hill, 2004. Voluntary export restrictions (EVER) is when a country limits the number of product being exported to a certain country in order to gain favor or to diffuse a situation in which trade tensions are running high. A second type of barrier is a quota. Quota is another form of tariffs where the government restricts the quantity of goods that can be imported into the country.It is usually combine with the use of import taxes, whenever a firm imports a certain goods and it exceed the quota amount, higher tax will be imposed on the remaining goods (Hill, 2004). Quotas not only increase the rice of imported products but it can also affect the price of domestically manufactured products. If the product that is under the quota criteria is used to manufacture the domestic item then it too in turn will cost more to manufacture and this cost is then translated in the price to the consumer.The third type of non-tariff barrier is antiquating. Dumping is when a country sells a product in a foreign country for less than it would sell in its own country (Understanding the WTFO, 2006. ) When products are introduced to a market in this manner it will do harm to the local businesses. GATE and WTFO legislation support antiquating when it can be shown that the local economy has suffered a loss. The last type of non-tariff is a subsidy. A subsidy is a payment to a domestic industry by their government (Sarcastic, 2006).Subsidies aide the domestic businesses by enabling them to compete against foreign markets in their home country and by helping them export so that they can compete in the global trade system as well. Agricultural businesses are the most common industries that receive subsidies (Hill, 2004). Subsidies benefit domestic industries by making it more competitive but the cost is kicked up by taxes paid into the government by the citizens Of that country. Import licenses are other effective trade barriers.Instead of setting a quota, government would only have to control the number of licenses issued. Under the import-licensing scheme, importers are required to obtain license for each and every shipment they intend to import. Exchange rate is another issue that might form a trade barrier ONTO, 2006). Global financing can be a risky venture. Tariff can make it very difficult to accurately judge whether or not to approve a risky venture. A financing institution must take a thorough look at all sides of the puzzle.If the financing institution is expecting a certain amount of goods to export or import, it must take into consideration that tariffs can oftentimes caused those numbers to fluctuate. It is very important to manage the risks associated with tariff barriers. These barriers can restrict the profit level of any company and cause a surplus of good that a company will have to count as a loss. Global trade is most effective when a country utilizes its resources most efficiently.Countries that can produce products at lower price than other countries can manufacture and export that product while importing product in which it may not be as efficient in producing. When all countries participate in free trade, it stimulates the global economy. When barriers are imposed upon countries it limits the amount of trade can result in retaliation and the consumer is left to pay higher prices. Sometimes restrictions on imports and exports are instituted to protect consumers or the environment. But oftentimes tariffs are used to keep out competitive products that may be available for a reduced cost.

Crime Scene Processing Protocol essays

Crime Scene Processing Protocol essays In the order of completing a work task certain criteria to complete the work task is needed. Crime scene processing is no different than other work related tasks such as exchanging a motor in a car, painting a portrait or preparing a meal. There are certain tasks related to each work objective. In the field of crime scene processing, several books and television programmes have been written and aired on what these tasks are and how they should be incorporated into the field of crime scene processing. Yet each book or television programmes focus only in the technique used, not in the change of the basic protocol used for the processing of crime scenes. However there is a basic scene protocol that should be adhered to in all crime scenes. The first step in processing a crime scene is interview. The crime scene technician must interview the first officer at the scene or victim to determine the theory of the case. Basically supposedly happened, what crime took place, and how was the crime committed. This information may not factual information but it will give the crime scene technician a base from which to start. The second step is to examine the crime scene. Examine the crime scene to determine if the theory of the case is supported by what the crime scene technician observes. Examining the scene to identify possible items of evidentiary nature, identify the point of entry and point of exit, and getting the general layout of the crime scene. Photograph the crime scene as the third step in the protocol. Photographing the crime scene to record a pictorial view of what the scene looks like and to record items of possible evidence. Crime scene photographs are generally taken in two categories, overall views and items of evidence. Sketch the crime scene is the fourth step in the protocol. A rough sketch is completed by the crime scene technician to demonstrate the layout of the crime scene or ...

Skin Care Essays - Cosmetics, Eye Shadow, Lipstick, Human Skin Color

Skin Care Essays - Cosmetics, Eye Shadow, Lipstick, Human Skin Color Skin Care Throughout the late 1800's and until the present, cosmetics and skin care have been important in the lives of women in America. Certain trends have come and gone, just as some have remained. In the past 100 years, the roles and lives of women have changed drastically, but their cosmetics have always been around. Charm books along with step-by-step manuals give us today a look into the past. Advertisements are also a great source of history. Using these means, central themes in cosmetics can be determined, almost simply. Throughout the past century, pleasing your man, looking natural, and being a sophisticated, contemporary woman with a fresh young look, have been important to the cosmetic companies and to their female consumers. In the late 1800's, cosmetics were being produced and sold to college-aged women and older. However, a large hypocrisy was occurring. Women were being told that it was necessary to wear cosmetics, however, it was vain to wear noticeable make-up. It was quoted from St. Paul's Magazine that, "If a girl has the trial of a complexion so bad that the sight of it gives one a turn, it is simply a duty for her either not to go into society at all, or, if she does, to conceal it?you have no right to inflict your misfortunes on everybody-it is an unpardonable offense against good taste" (Williams 113). The women of this time were being bombarded with mixed messages. Their problems with this hypocrisy were settled to only wearing a light powder and rouge. Colors worn were usually corals and peaches because brighter colors would not provide the appropriate image that the woman was trying to convey. Their goal was to convey a natural glow that healthy women possessed. There were the years when women were slapping their cheeks and biting their lips to draw 'natural' color to their face. It was also quoted that, "Every college girl's room should be fitted with a mirror, so that even when immersed in her studies the young lady should not be negligent of her appearance" (Williams 113). Even 100 years ago, women were being forced to be aware of their appearance at all times. The early 1900's brought about a slight change in women's cosmetics. Lipsticks were the norm and mascara and eyeshadow were emphasized as necessary for eveningwear. This came about after the First World War. Also, in the 1920's, class lines were being broken. The flappers came out smoking cigarettes, cutting their hair, and wearing cosmetics that "did not harmonize their facial make-up" (Williams 134). Many other women followed parts of these trends and it was no longer possible to tell a woman's social position from her appearance. Then again in the 1930's, women went back to more natural and softer hues. Women were being told that the older they were, the more make-up they were using would help them look their best (Williams 147). The goal at this time was to keep your man guessing if your complexion was natural or not. Depilatories were used to remove unwanted hair sprouting from the face and bleaches were used to fade aging spots. Here, pleasing your man and reverting back to youth play an important role in the cosmetics being used by women. In the 1950's, charm and the essence of being a 'perfect little woman' were important. Inner beauty was seen as one's charm, where outer beauty was their passport to the world (McLeod 37). Step-by- step charm books gave women the instructions to be pretty and popular. Never forget, "perfect make-up is date bait" (McLeod 52). Home skin care remedies were used as well as following a strict daily regimen, including diet, hair care, and housework. Following a regimen was seen as good for one's health (McLeod 41). On into the 1960's, skin care was a big issue. However, many misconceptions were going around. Women were told that oily skin resulted from their improper mental attitude and improper breathing, just as dry skin was caused by poor function of the master gland (Jones 8). In the 1960's, the art of camouflage was necessary to perfect one's facial features and provide a natural look (Jones 32). Since skin care was such

Traning Methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Traning Methods - Assignment Example I will discuss four methods of training in this essay, namely, apprenticeship, simulation, role playing and in-basket method. The apprenticeship training provides workers with comprehensive training both on and off the job in the practical and theoretical aspects of the work required in a highly skilled occupation. A typical apprenticeship program usually requires two years of on-the-job experience and about 180 hours of classroom instruction but this varies depending of the job requirements. Like other on-the-job training methods, its main objective is the development of the skills of the employee. An advantage of this method is that the employee does not have to make major adjustments at work unlike off-the-job trainings. The disadvantage is that employees sometimes find this method stressful because of the fear of damaging an equipment or having large amounts of wastage; thus, resulting to a hindrance to his learning process. Another method of training is the simulation method. Th is method is used for jobs which require operating equipments which are dangerous or too expensive such as the job of a pilot. In this case, simulators of the equipment are designed and set up away from the actual work situation. The advantage of this training method is that the job hazards are removed and opportunities for repeated practice can be done without being too costly for the company.

Death penalty information center. Web site evaluation Essay

Death penalty information center. Web site evaluation - Essay Example The life of a human being, or for that matter any animate being, has an inalienable right of dignity and sustenance irrespective of whether social law dictates otherwise. According to this fact, no man has the right to kill another living being regardless of the intention. The system of capital punishment is a brutal ideology, which instead of respecting the value of life, forces upon us an artificial perspective of legality which tries to prove that punishing a criminal with a similar crime is ethical. There are several groups and resources in and around the world that voice their disapproval of this method of punishment and which shows us clearly that even though the penal code of justice was designed by man to streamline society, many of its nuances do not have complete consent of the society it is trying to protect. Among the various websites advocating the abolishment of the death penalty, one which stands out is the Death Penalty Information Center having abundant information o n the subject as well as all the ongoing campaigns being worked out in the various states of America. The choice of this website is based on the evaluation criteria that have been selected to judge its relevancy and results in the field of legal amendments to the section of the penal code on capital punishment. Among the criteria used in evaluating the website, first and foremost is the accuracy of the information and the credibility of the site authorities, following which is the periodicity of the available information and last but not the least are the proffered methods by which the general public can contribute to the cause as well as make use of the tremendous detail of reports on death penalty. On the initial visit to the DPIC website, one is amazed at the level of proficiency with which the subject of capital punishment is dealt with and would definitely be impressed by the amount of work that has gone into the preparation and maintenance of the site. It is clear that the concerned personnel behind DPIC are not amateurs and to validate this detail, the visitor is presented with an exemplary Board of Directors list when the 'Contact' or 'About DPIC' link is clicked. In very many cases we find that a professional and business like website lacks the simplistic feel and ease of getting around for a general visitor, but DPIC is so neatly designed to make the visitor comfortable in accessing the information in an organized fashion. The extensive information provided has been cited from various newspapers articles, books and television that were cross checked and found to be legitimate. The media sources are multifarious and give an authentic impression of the view subscribed by people from various walks of life about the death penalty. Clippings from news broadcasts, interviews and radio talk shows as well as a wealth of videos enables us to analyze real life accounts of families of murder victims and death row prisoners as to how the law is framed in injustice for what is being done. There maybe instances where visitors to DPIC may feel bombarded with vast amounts of information and statistical data, although not a single one of them deviates from the central theme of abolishment of the death penalty. But what we must keep in mind while analyzing the claims of this advocacy website as being a leader among other sites pertaining to the same subject, is that the expected visitor is more likely to be a relation or an acquaintance of a murder victim or a death row inmate, a student interested in the field of law or a researcher in social demographics with respect to crime and punishment. The statistical information provided, when the 'Facts' link is clicked, is vital to any research candidate and the thoroughly organized manner in which the information is laid out on the site is beneficial to quick finds and relevant gathering of data.

Code of ethics guideliness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Code of ethics guideliness - Essay Example (ANA Provision 3) In such a scenario, I would not give out any information about the patient despite their popularity in the society; moreover, the patient being a prominent public figure does not give a reason to invade their privacy as a patient. Additionally, every nurse has a duty to maintain confidentiality of all patient information so as to avoid peril, especially when there is a strong relationship between the nurse and the patient, and the nurse acquires redundant information about the patient. Significantly, in such a situation, it is my duty and responsibility as a nurse to let the information being requested confidential both for the safety of my patient, which is the primary factor and also the safety of my profession as a nurse. Being offered a reasonable amount of money, in such a case should not have any impact on my judgment or decision; as a nurse I’m required to act appropriately to all situations put the well being of the patient first. Accepting bribes is an unprofessional act especially when it relates to invading their privacy; am expected to maintain and preserve my integrity and moral respect as a nurse. (ANA, Provision 5) Description and Purpose of ANA Code of Ethics Code of ethics for nurses are used and considered to be a guide for practicing nursing responsibilities and duties in a way consistent with quality in nursing care and the profession’s ethical obligations. The American Nurses Association (ANA) code of ethics is a summary of the significant wide-ranging values, duties and responsibilities that are consistent with the role of being a nurse. The professional to code relationship is an important feature of the practitioner’s moral life that requires interpretation at times. (ANA 2001) The American Nurses Association (ANA) defines three key purposes of the code of ethics even though they are other general aspects and principles of the code; these three major purposes are considered to be normative and autho ritarian. The first purpose of the code is to provide moral rules that help steer the deeds of the nurses in general while the second is that it pertains across the scale of the common nursing roles like research, patient care and education; and recognizing the nurses’ obligations and placing them in moral relationship to the society is the third purpose of the code. Generally, the code of ethics is also said to be an expression of professionalism i.e. nursing, since having it corresponds to everyone in the system and environment of the specific profession. Another implied purpose of the code of ethics is to define the sane meaning of being a nurse, encouraging a more articulate, inclusive professional identity. (ANA 2001) How I Plan to Use the Code of Ethics to My Advantage As a professional nurse, I will strive to ensure that I use all the provisions of the code of ethics as a basis or foundation of my profession in all situations putting the patients first above everything else and not forgetting myself as of the fifth provision. I will ensure that all patient information is kept confidential and only accessible to the concerned parties or in cases where I’m required to provide the information as a reference to be used in ensuring the well being of that particular patient. I rightfully understand the

Childhood and Depression Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Childhood and Depression - Research Paper Example Researchers propose that although major depression affects anywhere from three to five percent of children and adolescents, up to 15 percent of children and adolescents at any given time manifest at least some symptoms of depression (Bhatia and Bhatia 73). Despite the prevalence of depression in younger populations, there are a number of treatment avenues that parents and guardians can follow in order to alleviate an individual’s suffering in those areas of life most affected by depression. In order to prevent future generations from being severely and negative impacted by depression starting in the childhood or adolescent years, professionals and parents should be better educated to recognize the risk factors and the symptoms. Childhood depression, particularly in children younger than seven years, is particularly difficult because of children’s inability to give details about their internal mood states. However, symptoms like chronic irritableness, impaired attention, and poor concentration are common possible indicators of a depressed child. When diagnosing depression in children, doctors must rule out physical causes of such symptoms, such as chronic disease and vitamin deficiency. If the depression is the result of these physical causes, the depression is considered secondary to its medical prerequisite. Major depressive disorder is a primary diagnosis that relies on symptoms similar to those seen in adult depression. If the depression is not a major disorder, it could either be classified as adjustment disorder, which starts within three months of an identifiable stressor (such as the loss of a parent), or as dysthymic disorder, which is a milder form of depression characterized by irritable or depressed moods and must occur for no less than a year (Bhatia and Bhatia 75). The risk factors for depression are not equivalent to causes, since none of them alone leads directly and invariably to childhood depression. Some common risk factors for c hildhood and adolescent depression include psychosocial and biomedical factors; that is, nearly two thirds of children and adolescents who have major depressive disorder are comorbid with another severe or moderate mental disorder (Angold, Costello and Erkanli 76). That means that even if a child or adolescent has been diagnosed for one mental disorder, there should still be a concern that the patient has a related but separate mental disposition toward major or moderate depression. For physicians, they must be able to recognize and treat the associated physical sources of depression; the most common among them are dysthymic disorder, anxiety disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. For parents, they must be able to identify and seek treatment for their child’s symptoms as soon as they recognize them. In terms of treatments, medication is a common avenue for physicians to take in order to alleviate their patients’ suffering because of depression symptom s. Tricyclic anti-depressants are largely ineffective in children and adolescents according to meta-analyses and SSRIs likewise have underwhelming effects on reduction of symptoms in children (Bhatia and Bhatia 78). Concerns about effectiveness and safety keep some parents from putting their children on these medications (Merrell 209). Currently, only fluoxetine is approved by the FDA to treat childhood depression, so it is acceptable in cases of major depressive

Busines economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Busines economics - Essay Example Primarily among these tool is the GDP. It refers to the net market value of the goods and services provided by a country. It can also be used to assess the standard of living of citizens in that country and can be used to gauge the demand and the buying capacity of individuals during that financial year. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the UK shrunk 0.60% during the latter half of the financial year in 2010. It has been calculated that United Kingdom’s average quarterly growth rate was 0.59% which climbed the charts steadily to 5.30% and also witnessed a record low of -2.5%. (United Kingdom GDP Growth Rate, 2011) The UK as a robust economy has its GDP usually boosted by the strong performance of the banking and insurance services. The manufacturing industry meanwhile faced a recession and the key to overcoming this problem lies in more government involvement while at the same time continuing its social welfare initiatives. One of the most current statistics that have been obtained indicated the following Country Interest Rate Growth Rate Inflation Rate Jobless rate Government Budget Exchange Rate UK 0.50% -0.60% 4.00% 8.00% -11.40% 1.62 (United Kingdom GDP Growth Rate, 2011) However when compared to 2009 there has however been a slight improvement of 1.5% GDP in the last quarter of 2010. The manufacturing experienced a slight boost in the latter half of 2010 climbing by 1.1% and the utility production also grew by 4.6%. The mining sector experienced a slight meltdown falling by 4.5%. The construction industry was also severely hit as several major construction projects were put on hold due the banking crisis that arose in 2009-2010. It fell by 2.5 %. Other sectors that experienced a drop were the business services and the transport sector at 1.1% and 1.4% respectively. (United Kingdom GDP Growth Rate, 2011) The German economy on the other hand fared better compared to its counterpart. The GDP increased by 0.40% in the latter half of 2010 compared to 2009. It also had its share of ups and downs with its average GDP growth at 0.29%. This reached a peak of 2.30% in June 2010 and a nadir of 3.50% in March 2009. (Germany GDP Growth Rate, 2011) Export forms the backbone of German economy and accounts for almost one third of its income. Germany has performed better than UK during this taxing period as shown by the market indicators and its strong commitment in engaging to closer European cooperation between member countries in both economic and commercial policies is reaping benefits. Country Interest Rate Growth Rate Inflation Rate Jobless rate Government Budget Exchange Rate UK 1.00% 0.40% 2.00% 7.40% -3.00% 1.42 (Germany GDP Growth Rate, 2011) Comparing both the Macroeconomic performance of UK with its European counterparts over the past ten years, one finds that its performance of attaining an annual GDP growth of 2.3% places it third behind US and Canada. However rising levels of both private sector debt and public sector debt ha ve held back the government in providing sufficient fiscal stimulus to the manufacturing and industrial sector. Trade, an area where Germany has made rapid progress also has declined in the context of the UK market. (BIS Economic Paper No.9, 2010) Business investment has also taken a backseat in UK. Post 2000, survey estimates indicate that UK is ranked behind

Media Influence on Young Adults Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Media Influence on Young Adults - Research Paper Example Young adulthood is a confusing time in life. On one hand, you are too old to act childishly. On the other hand, you aren’t quire old enough to be taken as seriously as an adult would be. Therefore, many young adults struggle to find a midpoint between the two. This is no simple task. â€Å"Young adults are striving daily to formulate their identity†¦Young adults, perhaps more impressionable than they would like to admit, use the media as a major source of identity formation. The media also represent a common ground that young people share. From the media they acquire a set of guidelines to follow, both moral and stylistic,† (Ornstein). There is a great division between the set of guidelines young people acquire from media, as Ornstein distinguishes. Morally, one can argue that there are many more sources for a young adult to learn from. Many young adults begin to establish their morals by seeding out what they like and dislike from the morals they have been raised with. There is a framework for them to work with. This is not as much the case, however, with stylistic preferences and values. There are millions of media images bombarding us these days. In fact, the definition of media has expanded so much in the last decade that the term media seems to be an umbrella term. With all these images, it is practically impossible not to be influenced. As I said earlier, young adults are especially susceptible to the influence of media. Because they are in such a transitional period in their lives, young adults soak up information from anywhere they can get it. Using this information, they â€Å"try on† different personas, seeking out what works for them. Aesthetically, this holds a number of possibilities almost as large as the number of media influences available to young adults today. With luck, young adults will model themselves after a worthy role model with an admirable image, leading the young adult to develop into a similarly admirable person. As we all know, however, many times this is not the case. There are many media images that are available to young adults w hich glamorize otherwise negative physical traits. There are many ways in which the media images of beauty can negatively affect a young adult. One of the most common instances which this occurs is with body image. Magazines are a typical example of this. According to a study of 104 adults on media use, â€Å"Magazines were read for information on current fashions, recipes, and health issues†¦Reading magazines gave respondents feelings of sexiness, self-esteem, luxury and creativity,† (Survey Asks Young Adults about Media use). One can gather that if young adults are accrediting their self-esteem to reading magazines, that the images in them naturally must be influential. There are a wide variety of images in a magazine targeted toward young adults. Many of these images are advertisements that are geared at selling products to these young adults, many times by young adult celebrities. Couple the controversy surrounding the premature sexualization of young adult celebriti es with the survey results that associate sexiness with , it isn’

Overview of india real estate

Overview of india real estate India Real Estate is the second largest industry next only to agriculture in terms of the contribution it makes to the gross domestic product (GDP) and the employment generation. Moreover, its share of contribution to the countrys GDP is expected to increase only in the years to come. The GDP contribution of this sector at current prices is approx. 6.5% or Rs.1, 37,000 crores i.e., over 30 billion US dollars. Similarly the commercial property market has compounded annual growth rate of over 30% during the last 5 years across major cities in India along with a phenomenal increase in demand for office space. To be more precise, the next five years will see a rise of six percent from its present share of five percent contributed towards the GDP.   The size in terms of total economic value of real estate development activity of the Indian real estate market is currently US$40-45bn (5-6% of GDP) of which residential forms the major chunk with 90-95% of the market, commercial segment is distant second with 4-5% of the market and organized retail with 1% of the market. Over next five years, Indian real estate market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 20%, driven by 18-19% growth in residential real estate, 55-60% in retail real estate, and 20-22% in commercial real estate. According to a report, India is one among the four countries (the other three being Brazil, Russia and China) that are likely to achieve a much faster growth rate in the domain of property development and housing construction activities as compared to the UK and US real estate markets. The BRIC report, as it is called, has also projected a higher real estate investment over a period of the next five years. The forecast for the year 2010 has put a significant portion of the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) towards investment in the Indian real estate market.   With around 1.1 billion people, India is the second most populous country after China and it is expected to overtake it by 2030. Its economic transformation over the past decade has pushed up real GDP growth to an average of 6 per cent per annum since1992. India is emerging as an important business location, particularly in the services sector. Its favourable demographics and strong economic growth make the country an attractive place for property investors, given that demand for property is determined chiefly by business development and demographic trends. Historically, the real estate sector in India was unorganised and characterized by various factors that impeded organised dealing, such as the absence of a centralized title registry providing title guarantee, lack of uniformity in local laws and their application, no availability of bank financing, high interest rates and transfer taxes, and the lack of transparency in transaction values. In recent years however, the real estate sector in India has exhibited a trend towards greater organisation and transparency, accompanied by various regulatory reforms. These reforms include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Government of India support to the repeal of the Urban Land Ceiling Act, with nine state governments having already repealed the Act; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Modifications in the Rent Control Act to provide greater protection to homeowners wishing to rent out their properties; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rationalization of property taxes in a number of states; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The proposed computerization of land records The trend towards greater organisation and transparency has contributed to the development of reliable indicators of value and the organised investment in the real estate sector by domestic and international financial institutions, and has also resulted in the greater availability of financing for real estate developers. Regulatory changes permitting foreign investment are expected to further increase investment in the Indian real estate sector. The nature of demand is also changing, with heightened consumer expectations that are influenced by higher disposable incomes, increased globalization and the introduction of new real estate products and services. Demand Drivers These trends have benefited from the substantial recent growth in the Indian economy, which has stimulated demand for land and developed real estate across the real estate industry. Demand for residential, commercial and retail real estate is rising throughout India, accompanied by increased demand for hotel accommodation and improved infrastructure. Additionally, the tax and other benefits applicable to Seas are expected to result in a new source of real estate demand. The real estate industry is one of the fastest growing industries in our economy, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate of approximately 30%.(Ernst and Young) A US$ 16 billion industry at present, it is expected to touch US$ 60 billion in the next five years. (Ernst and Young) The sustainability of growth in the real estate industry has its roots in strong demand fundamentals: a. Rapid expansion of the IT/ ITES and business outsourcing industry (including knowledge process outsourcing and clinical testing outsourcing); b. Rising demand in the residential sector, encouraged by rapidly increasing income levels; c. Acceptance of shopping malls as one stop destinations for consumers; and d. Growing popularity of Special Economic Zones as preferred destinations for both manufacturing and service industries. Source: CMIE Industry Reports There is an estimated requirement of 80 million housing units over the next Fifteen years and 200 million sq. ft. of office space over the next five years. With a view to catalyzing the investment required to plug the aforementioned Supply deficits, the Government, has allowed FDI up to 100% under the automatic route in specified real estate development projects, including but not restricted to townships, built-up infrastructure and construction development projects. The investment is permitted subject to compliance with the following guidelines specified in Press Note 2 (2005): Minimum area to be developed under each project would be as under: i. In case of development of serviced housing plots, a minimum land area of 10 hectares. ii. In case of construction-development projects, a minimum built-up area of 50 ,000 sq.mts. iii. In case of a combination project, anyone of the above two conditions would suffice. The investment would further be subject to the following conditions: i. Minimum capitalization of US$ 10 million for wholly owned subsidiaries and US$ 5 million for joint ventures with Indian partners. The funds would have to be brought in within six months of commencement of business of the Company. ii. Original investment cannot be repatriated before a period of three years from completion of minimum capitalization. However, the investor may be permitted to exit earlier with prior approval of the Government through the FIPS. c. At least 50% of the project must be developed within a period of five years from the date of obtaining all statutory clearances. The investor would not be permitted to sell undeveloped plots. Source: Department of Industrial Policy Promotion Press Note 2 (2005) In December 2007, SEBI, the domestic stock market regulator, issued draft regulations clearing the way for introduction of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) in India. This move is also expected to favourably serve the booming property market, by serving as an alternative source for meeting the capital needs of the sector, particularly for builders who otherwise work with internal accruals and high-cost borrowings. Dewan P.N. Chopra Consultants Private Limited Initial Public Offerings have become another popular theme as a means of raising requisite capital in the real estate industry. This has resulted in the creation of a robust marketplace where retail investors can participate in the growth story while also offering ability for promoters and investors to project forward into yet another exit strategy. As a result of the aforementioned stimuli, this industry has been receiving increasing focus from the private equity sector, with PE investments in this industry as a percentage of total PE investments soaring from 14% in 2005-06 to over 32% in 2006-07. (KPMG) It is estimated that more than US$ 5 billion in foreign funds was invested in projects sponsored by rapidly growing developers in 2007. The significant development potential of the real estate industry, coupled with favourable FDI regulations and increasing focus from the private equity sector, has created substantial investment opportunities for real estate companies. As at December 2007, total outstanding investment in 1,885 real estate development projects was US$ 195 billion. (CMIE Industry Reports) As this rapidly growing industry matures into a stable and sustainable economic sector, three key trends, which are likely to shape its future, are emerging: a. Increased focus on execution risks; b. Increased investments in mixed-use development projects with a view to extracting maximum synergic benefits; and c. Syndication among real estate developers on execution of big-ticket development projects, i.e. shift from competition to partnership. Advantage India Why Invest In Indian Real Estate? Flying high on the wings of booming real estate, property in India has become a dream for every potential investor looking forward to dig profits. All are eyeing Indian property market for a wide variety of reasons: Its ever growing economy which is on a continuous rise with 8.1 percent increase witnessed in the last financial year. The boom in economy increases purchasing power of its people and creates demand for real estate sector. India is going to produce an estimated 2 million new graduates from various Indian universities during this year, creating demand for 100 million square feet of office and industrial space. Presence of a large number of Fortune 500 and other reputed companies will attract more companies to initiate their operational bases in India thus creating more demand for corporate space. Real estate investments in India  yield huge dividends. 70 percent of foreign investors in India are making profits and another 12 percent are breaking even. Apart from IT, ITES and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) India has shown its expertise in sectors like auto-components, chemicals, apparels, pharmaceuticals and jewellery where it can match the best in the world. These positive attributes of India is definitely going to attract more foreign investors in the near future. The relaxed FDI rules implemented by India last year has invited more foreign investors and real estate in India is seemingly the most lucrative ground at present. The revised investor friendly policies allowed foreigners to own property, and dropped the minimum size for housing estates built with foreign capital to 25 acres (10 hectares) from 100 acres (40 hectares). With this sudden change in investment policies, the overseas firms can now put up commercial buildings as long as the projects surpass 50,000 square meters (538,200 square feet) of floor space. Indian real estate sector is on boom and this is the right time to invest in property in India to reap the highest rewards. The strong fundamentals of the Indian economy are having a favourable impact on all asset classes of Indian real estate viz. housing, commercial office space and retail and hospitality. In recent years, the growth has spread out to tier-II and III cities as well. High growth in services as well as manufacturing sector has resulted in high demand for commercial and industrial real estate. Further the economic growth has trickled down to the large Indian middle class increasing affordability and affluence. Improving living standards are driving the demand for better quality housing and urban infrastructure. In fact, housing in India is today moving from being viewed as a purely basic need to an aspiration purchase. Though high interest rates coupled with soaring property prices have temporarily impacted affordability of home buyers the demand-supply mismatch and low home loans to GDP ratio in India (a meagre 5 per cent as against more than 50 per cent in US, UK and Germany) are expect ed to fuel demand for housing in the medium long run. The growth of the sector has been complemented by favourable policy changes like liberalisation of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) guidelines and significant increase in investment on physical infrastructure. The recent times have also witnessed an evolution of the sector towards greater institutionalisation and corporatisation. With the entry of global players, inflow of foreign capital, evolution of capital markets, geographical diversification and introduction of reforms, the sector has undergone some significant structural changes. Even critical concern areas like transparency in the sector is also improving significantly. The trend is expected to continue in the coming years. Advantage India key points The Indian real estate industry is expected to reach a size of US$ 180 billion by 2020. High growth in the services sector -telecom, financial services, IT ITeS, etc. Growing penetration of mortgage finance into the urban housing finance market. There is a growing demand for affordable housing and high rate of urbanisation. The real estate sector in India is on a rapid growth trajectory. Over a short span of time, the industry has evolved from a highly fragmented and unorganised market into a semi-organised market, with a large number of listed companies. The Indian Government and private developers, realising the growing demand for affordable housing, are strongly focussing on affordable housing. The Government of India has well-drafted regulations for the Indian real estate sector. Market Overview-

A Focus On Research Methodology Business Essay

A Focus On Research Methodology Business Essay 3.1 Introduction: The previous chapter discussed about the existing literature of how the innovation process and product life cycle works within a company. This chapter will focus on research methodology which is the set of method, providing a systematic technique to accomplish research aims and objectives and research questions. As per Kumar (2005), research methodology is the way to answer all the research questions. The researcher will clarify the types of research methods and also it will illustrate the correct process to meet the research aims and objectives, data collection process and evaluation of the data. The centre point of any research is to data collection and the analysis. Saunders et al. (2009, p-106) described this centre point as a centre of an onion which has different layers that need to be peeled away to get into the centre point. This onion is known as a research onion, which is shown below: Figure 3.1: Research Onion Source: Saunders et al. (2009) 3.2 Research philosophy: According to Saunders et al. (2009) research philosophy is the term that develops the knowledge and there is a strong relation between the nature of that knowledge and the research. To support to select the research strategy method it is important to take the supposition of the research. As per Johnson and Clark (2006) stated in Saunders et al. (2009, p.108) the management and business researchers need to be aware of the philosophies that be chosen for research report. They also added the significance of the research need to understand by investigation. In addition, there is been supportive statement by Saunders et al. (2009, p.108), The important issue is not so much whether our research should be philosophically informed, but it is how well we are able to reflect upon our philosophical choices and defend them in relation to the alternatives we could have adopted. According to research onion from Saunders et al. (2009, p.108), there are four main areas which cover the research philosophy. These are as follows: Pragmatism Interpretivism Realism Positivism 3.2.1 Pragmatism: In research philosophy pragmatism is the most important determination that focuses on the research question. In this part it is also possible to argue within both positivist and interpretivist view. This is also applicable for practical approach. It helps to collect and analyze data by integrating different perspectives. (Saunders et al. (2009, p.109) 3.2.2 Interpretivism: The term interpretivism stands for, as a researcher it is required to be aware of the difference between humans in their role as social actors. According to Saunders et al. (2009, p.116), The difference between conducting research among people rather than objects such as trucks and computers. The term social actors is quite significant here. In the same way we interpret our everyday social roles in accordance with the meaning we give to these roles. In addition, we interpret the social roles of others in accordance with our own set of meaning. 3.2.3 Realism: Realism is another important point of research philosophy which focuses on scientific enquiry. In other word, the existence of autonomous reality of the human mind is the realism. As per Saunders et al. (2009, p.114), quoted that, The philosophy of realism is that there is a reality quite independent of the mind. In this sense, realism is opposed to idealism, the theory that only the mind and its contents exist. Realism is a branch of epistemology which is similar to positivism in that it assumes a scientific approach to the development of knowledge. 3.2.4 Positivism: Positivism is the epistemological view that promotes working with a clear social reality. As a researcher when reflects their research with positivism philosophy, then that research adopt the natural scientist philosophical stance. Saunders et al. (2009, p.113) The research idea came from the business background of author which has driven to develop the knowledge of product life cycle and innovation process from the customer perception of Nokia mobile phone. To generate a research it is important to develop research hypothesis. According to Porte (2010), in order to focus the study, to give the flow of reading, researcher should able to meet the research question or hypothesis. As a researcher the following hypothesis can be identified: H1: Rapid changes in the product attributes over last few years as customers taste changes with diversified culture. H2: Technology facilitated more innovation and increasing rate of product obsolescence resulting changes in the product life cycle strategy. H3: Growing trend of open market economy is the reason of innovation. 3.3 Research approaches: The final outcome of the research is determined by the way the project is being designed. This is the first step to investigate the phenomenon and the type philosophy that will be guided to investigate the process. As Saunders et al. (2009, p.124) stated that The extent to which you are clear about the theory at the beginning of your research raises an important question concerning the design of tour research project. This is whether your research should use the deductive approach, in which you develop a theory and hypothesis (or hypotheses) and design a research strategy to test the hypothesis, or the inductive approach, in which you would collect data and develop theory as a result of your data analysis, insofar as is useful to attach these research approaches to the different research philosophies. There are two types of research approaches. These are as follow: Deductive approach Inductive approach 3.3.1 Deductive approach: Deductive approach is the method of purely formed theories arises as a generalization from observable data that are going to be explained. This approach was first introduced by Sir Isaac Newton (1643- 1726) in the late 17th century. (Holzinger, 2010). Research hypothesis and theory can be tested by collecting and analysis the data. According to Saunders et al. (2009, p.125), the theoretical plan of research approach needs to test by implementing the strategy which is particularly designed to test the hypothesis. Moreover Pathirage et al. (2008) added, deductive approach moves from theory to data. 3.3.2 Inductive approach: This is an alternative approach to conduct the research. Drosg (2009) stated that, inductive research depends on the variation of data values, which is a set of data of statically analysis. This kind of research is directly involved with the management research, because it involve with data analysis, issues and problems. Afterwards the researchers develop the theory based on those investigations. However, Crowther and Lancaster (2008) mentioned that inductive approach is flexible for sample size and data, because it does not require any established theory. Deductive emphasises Inductive emphasises Scientific principles Gaining an understanding of the meanings humans attach to events. Moving from theory to data A close understanding of the research context The need to explain casual relationship between variables. The collection of qualitative data. The collection of quantitative data. A more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as the research progresses. The application of controls to ensure validity of data. A realisation that the researcher is part of the research process. The operationalisation of concepts to ensure clarity of definition. Less concern with the need to generalise. A highly structured approach. Researcher independence of what is being researched. The necessity to select samples of sufficient size in order to generalise conclusions. Table 3.1: Major differences between deductive and inductive approaches to research. Source: Saunders et al. (2009, p.127) This research is to design to investigate the impact and influence of product life cycle and customer perceptions on business innovation strategy. As per above discussion, this research will conduct through deductive approach. This will apply the related theory of product life cycle and innovation process; it will also find out the effectiveness of these theories with Nokia mobile company. 3.4 Research design: Research design reflects on research questions. This is to be contingent with research objectives which are obtained from research questions. Saunders et al. (2009, p.137) stated that, researcher need valid reason for research design and the justification of research rely on research questions, objectives and research philosophy. According to Heppner et al. (2008) research design is the centre component of scientific inquiry and the most difficult part is selecting a research design whose strengths and weaknesses help the researcher to examine research questions. 3.5 Research Strategy: Research strategy is the general plan to answer the research questions. As per Saunders et al. (2009, p.141) no research strategy is inherently superior; this is not important which label is attached with strategy, but this is most important whether this strategy will allow the researcher to answer the research questions. The following research strategy can be identified (Saunders et al.,2009, p.141): Experiment Survey Case study Action research Grounded theory Ethnography Archival research Experiment: This type of research is based on natural science research. However, social science and specially psychology types of research are fall into this category. This involves with a link of two variables. Survey: This is a deductive research. The main area of this research is business and management research. As a result, it more likely exercised for exploratory and descriptive research. Case study: Robson (2002, p.178) cited in Saunders et al. (2009, p.145) a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple of evidence. Case study mainly concentrates to gain and understand the knowledge of a specific area. Action research: This research is concerned about the change management and collaboration with practitioner and researcher. This is a management research. Grounded theory: This is an inductive research. Here theory is developed and data is generated by further observation. Ethnography: The strategy that focus on the description and interpretation of the social world from the first hand side. This type of research is very time consuming. Archival research: This final strategy considers the administrative records and documents for its principle source of data. From above discussion, it has been decided by the author, this research topic will go along with case study strategy. This research is based on theory of product life cycle and innovation strategy, which is fall into deductive approach and supported by this strategy. This research will build the knowledge of product life cycle and innovation process by collecting the information from Nokia Research Centre and will compare with the most up to date theory. 3.6 Data collection method: There are two kinds of data collection process for research project (Saunders et al. (2009). These are as follow: Primary data and Secondary data. 3.6.1 Primary data: The data gathered solely for research purposes to meet the research question is known as primary data. Saunders et al. (2009, p.598) quoted, data collected specially for the research project being undertaken. The primary data can be collected through interviews, surveys, questionnaires and discussions. This reflects on the real scenario of the project and there is presence of validation by the secondary data. 3.6.2 Secondary data: The data that have already been published and reanalysing for some other reason is called secondary data. According to Saunders et al. (2009, p.256-258) secondary data contains both raw and published data. These data can be both quantitative and qualitative and can be used in both descriptive and explanatory research. Secondary data can be collected through documentary, multiple source and survey. Advantages and disadvantages of primary and secondary data: Advantages Disadvantages Primary Data Specifically addresses the research question Collecting and analysing data can be expensive Reliability, credibility and accuracy are known Researcher must have the necessary skills to conduct primary research Can address almost any research question Primary research is time consuming Secondary Data Can be very cost effective Reliability, credibility and accuracy may not be known Can usually be gathered quickly Units of measurement may not be appropriate Does not require the same expert skills as primary data collection Data may not be presented in a usable format Interpretation and analysis skills are still required Data may be untimely or out of date Source or sponsor of the research may not be known Table 3.2: Advantages and disadvantages of primary and secondary data Source: Morgan and Summers (2005) This research will conduct by collecting both primary and secondary data to attain the aims and objectives. Secondary data will be collected from journals, newspapers, internet (online publications) and specially Nokia Research Centre (NRC). The primary data will be collected by conducting questionnaire design on 200 customers to get the outcome of the customer perception of Nokia mobile phone. 3.7 Quantitative vs. Qualitative: Saunders et al. (2009, p. 151) quoted that, Quantitative is predominantly used as a synonym for any data collection techniques (such as questionnaire) or data analysis procedure (such as graphs or statistics) that generates or uses numerical data. In contrast, qualitative is used predominantly as a synonym for any data collection techniques (such as an interview) or data analysis procedure (such as categorising data) that generates or uses non- numerical data. The researcher will use both quantitative and qualitative data for this research. However, this research is mostly based on qualitative data; as this research will consider with the modern theory of product life cycle and innovation process. The quantitative data will also be considered to calculate the customer perceptions. 3.8 Evaluation techniques: Evaluation techniques depend on the types of research and how the data will be analysed. The researcher will analyse both quantitative and qualitative data. There are some specific ways to measure these kinds of data. UWE (n.d.) stated that, the quantitative data analysis often consider descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data analysis may do by considering analysis of visual data and analysis of narrative data. To evaluate the both primary and secondary data, the researcher will represent them with graphical, tabular and chart context. The researcher will also investigate the Nokia Research Centre (NRC) website for their product life cycle and innovation strategy to compare with the most recent situation. 3.9 Limitations: This research project has certain limitation in context of the entire study. However, this limitation can be taken as a scope for further research. The first limitation of this study is not taking any primary data direct from Nokia head office, which is situated in Europe and this research is conducting from London. 3.10 Summary: This study will collect the data from secondary sources and designing questionnaires for the customers. This methodology of the task can be a number of procedures that have followed to prepare a meaningful report. The findings and analysis will be discussed in the following chaper.